ESSENTIALS 

OF 

EQUINE  and  50V1NE 

Medicine  and  Surgery, 


WALTER  LANGTRY,  V.S. 


OAK  ST.  HDSF 


v«vA' ■"■■■ 


THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  ILLINOIS 
LIBRARY 


(019 

L2<be 


Ual’?«ir»ity  UUaiM 


ESSENTIALS 


OF  THE 

PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE 


OF 

Equine  I Bovine 

. MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY, 


A HANDBOOK 


FOR 


FARMERS^  MERCHANTS^  MECHANICS,  STUDENTS, 
AND  PRACTITIONERS; 


CONTAINING 


A Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  Horses  and  Cattle;  Their  Causes, 
Symptoms,  Prevention  and  Cure.  Also  the  Latest  and  Most 
Approved  Methods  of  Delivering  Colts  and  Calves. 


1^0  II 


BY  UHimmr  mmis 

WALTER  LANGTRY,  V.  S., 

Graduate  of  the  Ontario  Veterinary  College^  Toronto^  Canada, 


McCLURE  DRUG  COMPANY,  Proprietors, 
FORT  WAYNE,  INDIANA. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  DIFFERENT  PARTS  OF  THE 
SKELETON. 


The  figure  on  the  opposite  page  is  drawn  from  the  skeleton  of  the  famous 
race  horse  Eclipse,  and  is  considered  by  Professors  Gamgee  and  Law,  from 
whose  work  on  veterinary  anatomy  it  is  copied,  as  anatomically  perfect. 


1.  Zygomatic  arch. 

2.  Orbital  cavity. 

3.  Face  bones. 

4.  Incisor  teeth. 

5.  Molai^  teeth. 

6.  Lower  jaw. 

7.  Atlas,  1st  vertebra  of  neck. 

8.  Axis,  2d  vertebra  of  neck. 

9.  Cervical  vertebrae  (5). 

10.  Spinal  processes  of  back. 

11.  Dorsal  and  lumbar  vertebrae. 

12.  Sacrum. 

13.  Coccygeal  or  tail  bones. 

14.  Scapula,  or  shoulder  blade. 

15.  Acromion  process. 

16.  Hollow  of  shoulder  blade. 

17.  Superior  tuberosity  of  the  hu- 

merus. 

18.  Humerus,  or  arm  bone. 

19.  Olecranon,  or  elbow  bone. 

20.  Cartilages  of  the  ribs. 

21.  Ribs. 

22.  Haunch,  the  external  and  ante- 


rior angle  of  the  illium. 


23.  Os  innominatum,  or  haunch  bone. 

24.  Great  trachanter. 

25.  Small  trochanter. 

26.  Femur,  or  thigh  bone. 

27.  Ischium,  posterior  angle  of  the 

ilium. 

28.  Radius,  or  fore-arm  bone. 

29.  Carpal,  or  knee  bones.  - 

30.  Trapezium. 

31.  Metacarpal,  or  Cannon  bone. 

32.  Os  suffraginis,  or  pastern  bone. 

33.  Sesamoid  bone. 

34.  Os  coronae,  or  small  pastern  bone. 

35.  Superior  tuberosity  of  the  tibia. 

36.  Stifle  joint. 

37.  Tibia,  or  leg  bone. 

38.  Os  calcis,  or  point  of  hock. 

39.  Tarsus,  or  hock  joint. 

40.  Head  of  small  metatarsal  bone. 

41.  Cannon,  or  metatarsal  bone. 

42.  Hoof,  or  foot  bone. 

43.  Fetlock  joint. 

44.  Patella. 

45.  Fibula. 


Horn  and  Cattle  Reiediea. 


LANGTRY 


-s^SCOTCHfs- 


Are  the  Best  in  the  World  for 

Horsts  and  Cattle ! 


THE  SCOTCH  CONDITION  POWDER.  The  only  Worm  Destroyer  made.  Is 
the  largest  package  sold. 

Every  farmer  and  horseman  should  always  have  a bottle  of  SCOTCH  OIL 
on  hand.  Invaluable  for  Neuralgia,  Rheumatism,  Ring  Bone,  Side  Bones, Poll 
Evil,  Sprains,  Spavin,  Fistula,  Curbs,  etc. 

SCOTCH  DISTEMPER  CURE.  Invaluable  for  Distemper,  Epizootic,  Influ- 
enza, Pink  Eye,  Sore  Throats,  Coughs,  Colds,  Nasal  Gleet  and  Heaves. 

SCOTCH  COLIC  CURE.  Invaluable  for  Spasmodic  Colic,  Flatulent  Colic, 
Inflammation  of  the  Bowels,  Kidneys  or  Liver,  Retention  of  Urine,  Bots,  etc. 

SCOTCH  HOOF  OINTMENT.  Invaluable  for  Sand  Cracks  or  Quarter  Cracks. 

SCOTCH  OINTMENT.  Invaluable  for  Scratches  and  Grease  Heel.  Scotch 
Ointment  is  the  best  ointment  made,  and  unequalled  for 

MA.N  OR  BBA.ST. 


MANUFACTURED  BY 

iVIcCLURE  DRUG  COMPANY, 

FORT  WAYNE.  INDIANA. 


REMEDIES 


PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE 

OP 

EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 

MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


Distemper,  or  Strangles. 

This  is  a disease  peculiar  to  the  horse,  hut  may  be  communicated  to 
man  by  inoculation.  It  seldom  attacks  a horse  after  maturity,  but  attacks 
colts  from  birth  until  they  are  five  years  old.  The  causes  are  many  and 


DISTEMPER,  OR  STRANGLES. 


varied.  Among  them  are  want  of  nutritious  properties  in  the  mother’s 
milk;  change  from  pasture  to  dry  feed;  irritation  from  teething;  impure 
air;  changes  from  one  climate  to  another,  etc. 

Symptoms: — The  colt  will  appear  dull  and  stupid;  the  eyes  will  begin 
to  water  and  sometimes  to  matter;  fever  begins  to  rise;  loss  of  appetite; 
coat  begins  to  get  rough;  discharge  from  the  nostrils;  abscesses  begin  to 
form  under  the  lower  jaw.  In  irregular  strangles  abscesses  may  form  any- 
where on  the  body,  or  in  the  lungs  or  intestines,  making  the  case  very 
serious. 

Treatment: — The  treatment  is  very  simple.  In  regular  strangles 
place  the  animal  in  an  airy,  comfortable,  loose  box  stall  and  bed  well. 
Blanket  comfortably  and  feed  on  soft  food — such  as  bran-mashes,  chopped 
feed,  mashed  turnips  or  carrots.  If  there  is  a dry  cough  steam  the  nostrils 


6 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


with  scalded  bran  or  oats,  but  do  not  smoke  the  colt.  Poultice  the  throat 
with  fried  onions,  boiled  turnips  or  linseed  meal;  and  when  the  abscesses 
soften  lance  them  to  allow  the  matter  to  escape.  If  the  abscesses  remain 
hard  apply  a good  stimulating  liniment  or  blister  to  them,  and  gargle  the 
throat  with  the  following: 

Chlorate  of  Potassium,  one  ounce. 

Nitrate  of  Potassium,  one  ounce. 

Hypo-Sulphate  of  Soda,  one  ounce.  Mix. 

Make  into  twelve  powders  and  give  one  powder  every  six  hours. 


Epizootic  Influenza. 

This  disease  is  very  peculiar  and  yet  not  uncommon  in  this  country.  In 
1871  it  traveled  from  east  to  west  with  such  rapidity  that  there  is  little 
reason  to  doubt  that  it  is  produced  through  atmospheric  influences.  It  is 
much  more  dangerous  in  some^Jocalities  than  in  others,  according  to  the 


EPIZOOTIC  II  NZA. 

hygienic  measures  employed.  In  localities  that  are  low  and  malarious  with 
poor  stabling  the  disease  is  much  more  fatal  than  where  the  elevation  is 
greater  and  the  air  dryer.  But  no  location  is  exempt  from  the  disease.  In 
the  same  stable  a number  of  horses  may  be  attacked,  and  very  severely, 
while  others  remain  perfectly  healthy.  Every  horse  in  a given  stable  may 
be  affected,  while  their  neighbors  in  a stable  across  the  street  escape  en- 
tirely. It  is  my  opinion  that  horses  poorly  cared  for  and  ill-fed,  are  not 
only  first  attacked,  but  the -first  to  succumb. 

Symptoms: — The  disease  comes  on  very  suddenly  with  weakness  and 
stupor;  eyes  swelled  and  watery.  The  membranes  of  the  nostrils  may  be  of 
a bright  pink  color,  but  are  more  frequently  of  a dull  leaden  hue.  There  is 
dry  cough;  staring  coat;  ears  and  legs  alternately  hot  and  cold;  patient  is 
feverish;  pulse  accelerated — generally  weak  but  sometimes  hard;  sometimes 
a watery  discharge  from  the  nostrils,  afterwards  assuming  a yellowish  or 
greenish  color;  appetite  lost;  when  made  to  move  will  go  with  a swinging 
gait — frequently  crackling  of  the  joints  will  be  heard,  when  the  disease 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


7 


assumes  a somewhat  rheumatic  nature,  the  legs  swollen,  hot  and  very  pain- 
ful when  touched.  In  other  cases  the  lungs  or  abdominal  viscera  may  he 
seriously  involved.  If  the  horse  is  tucked  up  along  the  abdomen,  with  hard 
pellets  of  faeces  covered  with  mucus,  the  bowels  are  attacked  and  your  case 
is  somewhat  dangerous.  If  the  patient  is  tucked  up  in  the  flanks,  with  a 
ridge  extending  from  the  flanks  to  the  breast  bone,  hurried  breathing  and 


FIRST  STAGE  OF  EPIZOOTIC  INFLUENZA. 


short  painful  cough,  the  disease  has  attacked  some  part  of  the  thoracic 
cavity — either  the  lungs  or  the  pleura,  probably  both — and  is  extremely 
dangerous. 

Treatment: — When  first  noticed  place  in  a comfortable,  loose  box-stall, 
well  aired  but  without  draughts.  Blanket  well  and  bandage  the  legs.  Re- 
lieve costiveness  with  a pint  of  linseed  or  castor  oil  and  injections  of  warm 
water.  If  the  fever  is  high  give — 

Quinine  Sulph.,  three  drams. 

Nitrate  Potass.,  one  ounce. 

Bi-Carbonate  Soda,  one  and  one-half  ounces.  Mix. 

Make  into  six  powders,  of  which  give  one  every  five  or  six  hours.  If 
the  horse  is  very  weak  give — 

Liq.  Ammon.  Acet.,  eight  ounces. 

Spts,  Nit.  ^th.,  four  ounces. 

Tine.  Nux  Vomica,  two  ounces.  Mix. 

Give  two  ounces  every  three  or- four  hours  in  a little  water  as  a drench. 
Rub  the  throat  with  LANGTRY’S  SCOTCH  OIL.  Peed  on  soft 
nutritious  diet  and  give  plenty  of  pure  fresh  water.  If  the  joints  swell 
bathe ^^with  Scotch  Oil  Liniment  and  bandage.  If  there  are  any  lung  compli- 
cations use  mustard  freely  on  the  sides  and  read  treatise  on  lung  diseases. 
If  the  bowels  are  affected  give  linseed  jelly,  slippery-elm,  etc. 

Spasmodic  Colic,  Cramps. 

Several  diseases  of  horses— such  as  affections  of  the  kidneys,  liver, 
spleen,  etc.,  cause  abdominal  pain  and  are  erroneously  classed  under  the 


8 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


FIRST  STAGE  OF  SPASMODIC  COLIC. 

to  the  stomach  and  small  intestines — an  involuntary  contraction  of  the 
muscular  fibers,  separate  and  distinct  from  inflammation,  at  the  beginning 


head  of  colic.  I shall  not  treat  of  them  here,  but  confine  myself  to  spas- 
modic colic  proper,  which  is  a disease  of  the  intestinal  canal  usually  confined 


SECOND  STAGE  OF  SPASMODIC  COLIC, 
causing  intense  pain  in  the  abdominal  region.  There  are  many  and  various 
causes — such  as  change  of  feed  from  oats  to  corn;  too  high  feeding;  sudden 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


9 


changes  of  temperature,  from  hot  to  cold;  standing  in  the  rain;  drinking 
ice-cold  water;  innutritions  food;  in  fact,  anything  that  will  cause  indi- 
gestion or  irritation  of  the  intestinal  canal. 

Symptoms: — The  horse  will  generally  appear  uneasy,  commence  paw- 
ing and  attempt  to  lie  down,  sometimes  falling  upon  his  knees,  then  raising 
himself  up  again.  As  the  pain  increases  he  will  paw  violently,  suddenly 
drop  down,  roll  around  for  a time,  get  up  and  stand  apparently  easy  for  a 
few  minutes,  possibly  attempt  to  eat  a few  mouth-fuls.  Then  he  is  suddenly 
seized  again,  paws  violently,  drops  down  again  and  rolls  around — possibly 
rolls  upon  his  breast  and  remains  there  for  a time.  Then  commences  tumb- 


LAST  STAGE  OP  SPASMODIC  COLIC. 


ling  and  rolling  again;  gets  up  and  shakes  himself,  and  possibly  the  cramps 
are  over.  If  not,  and  the  pain  continues  to  increase  in  intensity  and  the  an- 
imal is  not  relieved,  inflammation  of  the  bowels  (which  is  very  dangerous) 
may  result;  or  the  horse  may  die  from  pain  and  exhaustion. 


Treatment: — Place  the  animal  in  a dry,  well-bedded  stall,  where  he  is 
less  liable  to  bruise  himself.  Rub  the  legs  and  abdomen  and  give. 


Barbadoes  Aloes,  one  ounce. 
Chloral  Hydrate,  one  dram. 
Powdered  Opium,  one  dram.  Mix. 


If  the  pain  increases,  give  SCOTCH  COLIC  CURE.  If  you  have 
failed  to  give  the  aloes,  after  the  pains  have  subsided  it  is  good  policy  to 
give  a good  physic, — either  a pint  of  linseed  oil  or  one  ounce  of  Barbadoes 
aloes  and  an  ounce  of  ginger  combined. 


10 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


FLATULENT  COLIC— LAST  STAGE. 

Symptoms: — The  horse  will  hang  his  head  and  commence  looking 
around  at  his  flanks;  soon  he  will  begin  pawing,  then  will  lie  down  and  roll, 


Flatulent  Colic. 


Flatulent  colic  is  a disease  separate  and  distinct  from  spasmodic  colic. 
In  the  former  there  is  bloating,  or  distension  with  gas,  of  the  bowels,  in  the 
latter  there  is  no  bloating  whatever.  Flatulent  colic  is  generally  caused  by 


ADVANCED  STAGE  OF  FLATULENT  COLIC. 


some  indigestible  food  setting  up  a ferment  and  creating  a greater  amount 
of  gas  than  can  be  comfortably  accommodated  by  the  bowels,  thus  causing 
intense  pain.  ' 


MEDICINE^ AND  SURGERY. 


11 


frequently  looking  at  the  flanks;  the  animal  begins  bloating  and  sometimes 
has  eructations  of  gas  from  the  stomach;  the  bowels  grow  more  distended; 
the  paiDS  are  continuous  and  grow  more  severe;  the  breathing  is  shorter  and 
the  animal  groans  or  grunts  while  lying  down  and  often  while  standing;  the 
legs  and  ears  become  cold;  cold  sweats  break  out  over  the  body.  The  dis- 
ease is  usually  of  short  duration  and,  if  not  speedily  relieved,  ends  in  death. 

Treatment: — When  first  noticed,  give. 

Linseed  Oil,  one  pint. 

Spts.  Turpentine,  two  ounces.  Mix. 

If  that  fails  to  neutralize  the  gas,  give  SCOTCH  COLIC  CURE- 
Give  injections  of  hot  water  and  castile  soap  every  twenty  minutes.  If  the 
bloating  continues  tap  with  tocar  and  canula,  on  the  right  side,  between  the 
hip  and  ribs,  where  it  is  most  resonant  on  percussion.  After  recovery  give 
a pint  of  linseed  oil  or  castor  oil. 


Glanders  and  Farcy. 

Glanders  is  a specific  febrile  disease  peculiar  to  the  horse,  mule  and  ass ; 
and,  by  inoculation,  it  can  be  communicated  to  man.  Its  causes  are  keeping 
horses  in  damp,  filthy  stables;  impure  air;  improper  feeding;  impaired  nu- 
trition; sequelae  of  “grease  heels;”  sequelae  of  epizootic  influenza;  also  con- 
tagion, which  is  by  far  the  most  common. 


GLANDERS. 


Symptoms: — Dullness;  decreased  appetite;  eyes  watering;  fever,  rising 
from  105°  1o  107°  F.;  coat  staring;  at  first  watery  discharge  from  the  nos- 
trils; discharge  afterwards  turns  to  a yellowish  and  later  to  a yellowish- 
green,  and  is  very  tenacious;  in  the  nostrils  reddish  ulcerations  appear, 
later  becoming  purplish;  all  over  the  body  the  lymphatic  glands  become  en- 
larged, frequently  breaking  and  discharging  matter;  the  sub-maxillary 
glands  enlarge  and  harden,  later  on  becoming  adherent  to  the  jaw;  breath 
foetid;  by  auscultation  crepitation  of  the  lungs  will  be  discovered;  the  dis- 
charge from  the  nostrils  becomes  more  profuse  and  more  greenish  in  color; 
fever  now  stands  from  105°  to  107°  P.;  quite  frequently  the  limbs  will  swell, 
more  particularly  about  the  joints. 


12 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Treatment: — The  best  treatment  is  destruction  of  the  animal  as  soon 
as  thoroughly  satisfied  he  has  glanders.  Separate  all  animals  which  have 
come  in  contact  with  him.  If  treatment  he  attempted  place  the  animal 
where  he  can  have  plenty  of  fresh  air  and  try  the  sulphites, — as  Sulphite  of 
Sodium,  Benzoate  of  Sodium,  Arsenate  of  Strychnia,  Carbolic  Acid;  also 
Vegetable  and  mineral  tonics, — as  Sulphate  of  Iron,  Sulphate  of  Copper, 
Gentian,  Ginger,  Nux  Vomica,  etc. 


Azoturia. 

Symptoms: — Invariably  the  horse  leaves  the  stable  in  the  best  of  health 
and,  as  the  driver  says,  “the  horse  was  never  feeling  better.”  But  it  is 
probably  not  driven  over  half  a mile,  possibly  five  or  six  miles,  when  he  is 
noticed  to  hang  back,  to  be  covered  with  profuse  perspiration,  and  to  begin 
to  be  stiff  in  his  hind  legs.  Other  symptoms  are,  looking  back  at  the  fianks; 
anxious  expression  of  countenance;  breathing  short;  nostrils  distended  and 
red;  staring  eyes;  drooping  of  the  hind  legs  and  knuckling  over  at  the  fet- 
locks, as  though  there  were  no  strength  in  them;  after  staggering  around 
for  awhile  the  animal  falls  and  is  unable  to  get  up, — although  they  some- 
times keep  upon  their  feet  in  a mild  attack  and,  if  so,  are  most  likely  to  re- 
cover in  a few  days;  if  urine  is  passed  it  will  be  very  dark,  sometimes  looks 
bloody,  smells  very  strong  and  is  very  ropy. 

Treatment: — If  the  horse  remains  very  uneasy  give  ounce  doses  of 
laudanum  every  thirty  minutes  until  relieved;  then  remove  to  a comfortable 
place  and  bed  well.  Clean  out  the  bowels  well  by  giving, 

Barbadoes  Aloes,  eight  to  ten  drams. 

Ginger,  two  drams.  Mix. 

Give  in  one  pint  of  water  as  a drench.  While  the  animal  is  perspiring 
blanket  well  and  keep  sweating.  Apply  a fresh  sheep  skin  over  the  loins 
and  cover  well,  or  apply  cloths  rung  out  of  hot  water  over  the  loins,  and  be 
careful  the  animal  does  not  take  cold.  If  the  kidneys  do  not  act  freely  give 
one  ounce  Tinct.  Buchu  Compound  every  six  or  seven  hours  in  a little  syrup 
as  a drench.  And  in  a few  days  give  SCOTCH  COMPOUND. 

Bathe  the  back  and  loins  with  SCOTCH  OIL  once  or  twice  a day, 
also  rub  from  the  stifle  to  the  point  of  the  hip.  Turn  the  horse  over  from 
one  side  to  the  other  every  three  or  four  hours,  and  occasionally  sponge  him 
off  with  dilute  alcohol.  If  shod  remove  the  shoes  and  keep  lying  upon  the 
breast  as  much  as  possible.  I believe  it  bad  policy  in  such  cases  to  swing 
the  horse,  unless  the  slings  can  be  got  under  them  before  they  go  down — 
then  it  is  advisable;  but  after  they  are  down  for  a few  hours  do  not  attempt 
to  swing.  If  the  patient  lies  upon  his  breast  well  and  rests  easy  you  may 
look  for  recovery  in  a few  days;  if  he  lies  straight  out  the  inevitable  result 
is  death  in  a few  days.  Should  the  animal  not  urinate  properly,  pass  the 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


13 


catheter  and  draw  off  the  urine.  If  in  twenty-four  hours  the  bowels  do  not 
respond  to  the  aloes,  give  a quart  of  raw  linseed  oil;  also  give  injections  of 
castile  soap  and  hot  water. 


Nasal  Catarrh,  or  Cold  in  the  Head. 

This  quite  frequently  arises  from  standing  in  a draught,  from  inhalation 
of  irritating  gases,  or  from  decayed  teeth. 

Symptoms: — Discharge,  watery  at  first,  from  the  nostrils,  also  from  the 
eyes;  sneezing;  later  on  a discharge  of  matter  from  the  nostrils — sometimes 
very  foetid,  especially  when  from  a diseased  tooth;  sometimes  ulcers  will  ap- 
pear on  the  septum  of  the  nose,  when  the  discharge  is  of  a muco-purulent 
character. 

Teeatment: — Steaming  the  nostrils  with  hot  water  and  a little  carbolic 
acid  is  very  beneficial.  Twice  a day  use  a spray  of  Listerine  one-half  ounce 
to  water  two  ounces.  If  from  a diseased  tooth  the  tooth  should  be  extracted 
and,  if  there  is  matter  in  the  frontal  sinuses,  they  should  be  trephined  and 
washed  out  with — 

Listerine,  four  ounces. 

Sulphate  of  Zinc,  one-half  dram 
Water,  four  ounces.  Mix. 

Use  morning  and  evening.  Feed  on  good  feed  and  SCOTCH  COM- 
POUND. 


Bronchitis. 

This  is  an  inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane  which  lines  the 
bronchial  tubes;  it  is  invariably  caused  by  standing  in  draughts  while  over- 
heated. 

Symptoms: — Systemic  depression;  dullness;  loss  of  appetite:  redness 
and  dryness  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  nostrils,  followed  by  fever  and 
a hacking,  barking  cough;  rattling  in  the  anterior  part  of  the  chest;  in  a 
few  days  a light  colored  discharge  from  the  nostrils;  the  cough  now’  becomes 
deeper  and  looser;  instead  of  being,  as  at  first,  rapid  the  pulse  becomes 
softer  and  more  natural. 

Treatment: — Place  the  animal  in  a comfortable  and  airy  stall  and 
blanket  well.  Apply  mustard  to  the  sides  and  breast  and  give — 

Quinine,  thirty  grains. 

Dover’s  Powders,  one  dram. 

Liq.  Ammonia  Acet , three  ounces.  Mix. 

Give  every  four  or  five  hours,  and  if  the  cough  is  very  tight  give  every 
three  or  four  hours. 

Syrup  of  Ipecac,  four  drachms. 

Syrup  of  Squills,  six  drachms. 

Tinct.  Opii  Camph.,  six  drachms.  Mix. 

Continue  until  the  cough  softens. 


14 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Sore  Throat,  or  Laryngo-Pharingitis. 

This  disease  affects  the  larynx  and  pharynx,  situated  at  the  upper  part 
of  the  wind  pipe,  and  consists  of  an  inflammation  of  the  soft  tissues  of  both. 

Symptoms: — This  disease  is  sometimes  ushered  in  by  a chill,  im- 
mediately followed  by  fever;  and  if  the  attack  is  very  severe,  the  nose  will 
be  elevated,  to  straighten  the  air  passages.  Swellings,  sometimes  very 
large  externally,  but  more  frequently  will  be  noticed  behind  the  jaws  on  the 
neck.  Sometimes  they  are  so  extensive  that  the  animal  can  scarcely 
breathe  or  can  only  do  so  with  the  greatest  difficulty;  there  will  be  a wheez- 
ing sound  at  each  inspiration.  During  this  period  the  heart  becomes  ex- 
cited and  its  pulsations  rapid*  The  mucous  membranes  in  the  nostrils  will 
be  of  a bluish  color,  owing  to  the  lack  of  sufficient  fresh  air  in  the  lungs  to 
oxidize  the  blood.  If  the  patient  is  in  a box-stall  it  will  wander  around 
considerably  and  endeavor  to  keep  its  nose  in  the  direction  where  there  is 
most  fresh  air.  If  the  animal  attempts  to  eat,  the  food  will  be  chewed  and 
dropped  out  of  the  mouth;  and,  on  attempting  to  drink,  the  water  will  be 
ejected  through  the  nostrils.  In  some  cases  the  cough  is  very  loud,  but  in 
many — especially  when  the  internal  swelling  is  very  great — the  cough  will 
be  very  slight.  Frequently  there  is  a discharge  from  the  nostrils  and  an 
abundant  flow  of  ropy  saliva  from  the  mouth. 

Treatment: — Blanket  well  and  place  the  patient  in  a comfortable  and 
airy  box-stall,  devoid  of  draughts.  Bandage  the  legs  and,  if  possible,  give 
as  a physic: 

Aloes,  seven  drachms. 

Ginger,  one  dram.  Mix. 

Give  at  one  dose.  Then  bathe  the  throat  well  with  SCOTCH  OIL 
and  wrap  it  up  with  rugs  or  sheep -skins  to  keep  it  warm. 

Pneumonia,  or  Inflammation  of  the  Lungs. 

This  consists  of  an  inflammation  of  the  lung  substance  caused  by  catch- 


COMMENCEMENT  OP  INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  LUNGS. 

ing  cold;  inhaling  irritating  substances;  injuries;  drenching  through  the 
nostrils,  etc. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


15 


Symptoms: — The  horse  is  generally  taken  with  a chill;  hangs  his  head; 
there  is  redness  of  the  eyes  and  of  the  membranes  of  the  nostrils;  dryness  of 
the  mouth;  a cough,  quite  deep  at  first,  which  gradually  shortens  for  a few 
days;  pulse,  at  first  generally  full,  gradually  growing  faster  and  weaker; 
rapid  breathing;  on  the  third  day  fever  ranges  from  103°  to  106°  and  con- 
tinues until  the  sixth  or  seventh  day,  when  it  gradually  declines;  on  the 
third  or  fourth  it  is  likely  there  will  be  a discharge  of  mucus  from  the  nos- 
trils; about  the  seventh  day,  when  the  fever  subsides,  the  horse  will  either 
get  well  or  there  will  be  great  oppression  in  breathing;  increased  prostra- 
tion; deeper  cough;  more  copious  expectoration,  emitting  a foetid,  purulent 
odor;  and  death  will  result  from  the  sixth  to  the  twentieth  day. 

Treatment  : — Place  the  animal  in  a comfortable,  airy,  loose  box-stall, 
devoid  of  draughts.  Blanket  and  bandage  the  legs  with  fiannel.  Some 
practitioners  will  scoff  at  the  idea  of  bleeding;  nevertheless  a plethoric,  ro- 
bust horse,  in  many  instances,  will  be  greatly  benefitted  in  the  first  three  or 
four  days  by  being  bled,  while  an  older  and  debilitated  patient  would  suc- 
cumb. Apply  mustard  to  the  sides  and  give  the  following: 

Liq.  Ammonia  Acet.,  twelve  ounces. 

Spts.  Aeth.  Nit.,  four  ounces. 

Fluid  Ext.  Aconite,  two  drachms.  Mix. 

Give  two  ounces  every  three  hours  in  a- little  water  as  a drench.  Also 
give  every  four  or  five  hours, 

Quinine  Sulph.,  twenty  grains. 

Nitrate  of  Potassium,  forty  grains.  Mix. 

Give  all  the  water  the  horse  will  drink, — just  as  it  comes  from  the  well, 
and  feed  on  soft  diet.  If  there  is  great  prostration  give  tonic  stimulants, 
as. 

Alcohol,  eight  ounces. 

Tine.  Ginger,  three  ounces. 

Tine.  Nux  Vomica,  two  ounces. 

Tine.  Gentian,  three  ounces.  Mix. 

Give  two  ounces  as  occasion  demands. 


Pleurisy. 

This  is  an  infiammation  of  the  lining  membrane  of  the  thoracic  cavity. 
Generally  after  a chill  or  cold  stage  sharp  pains  begin  in  the  sides,  the  an- 
imal frequently  will  look  at  his  sides  and  lie  down  very  carefully,  then  rise 
again;  the  skin  is  hot;  breathing  short;  also  a short  cough;  no  discharge 
from  the  nose;  pulse  hard  and  rapid;  abdomen  tucked  up  and  a ridge  ex- 
tending from  the  hips  to  the  breast  bone;  on  punching  between  the  ribs, 
when  the  seat  of  infiammation  is  reached,  the  animal  will  evince  pain  by 
grunting;  if  the  animal  lies  down  it  will  invariably  lie  on  the  affected  side, 


16 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


but  they  more  frequently  stand  up.  The  second  day  elfusion  of  serum  takes 
place;  then  the  pulse  will  become  slower  and:  fuller,  breathing  will  be  easier 
and  the  animal  seemingly  is  well  again.  And,  if  the  effusion  is  not  very 
great,  it  will  soon  be  absorbed  and  the  animal  is  well.  But  if  the  effusion  is 


PLEURISY. 

great,  the  breathing  becomes  hurried  and  short,  the  pulse  grows  fast  and 
weak;  the  ridge  from  the  hip  to  the  breast  is  more  prominent;  appetite  al- 
most completely  gone,  cold  sweats  break  out  and  imminent  danger  is  at 
hand. 

Treatment: — In  the  early  stage  bleeding  is  beneficial,  but  later  on  det- 
rimental. If  the  pain  is  very  severe,  give. 

Fluid  Ext.  Aconite,  fifteen  drops. 

Acetate  of  Morphia,  ten  grains.  Mix. 

Repeat  in  two  hours.  If  the  pains  subside  give  the  following: 

Fluid  Ext.  Aconite,  two  drachms. 

Fluid  Ext.  Belladona,  four  ounces. 

Spts.  Aeth.  Nit.,  four  ounces.  Mix. 

Apply  a large  linseed  meal  poultice  to  the  affected  side,  and,  if  recovery 
is  beginning,  give  as  a physic  SCOTCH  CONDITION  POWDERS. 

But  if  the  effusion  of  serum  within  the  thoracic  cavity  is  very  great 
and  the  breathing  hurried  the  chest  should  be  tapped.  Although  the 
operation  is  simple  and  easily  performed,  it  does  not  always  result  satis- 
factorily, probably  because  delayed  too  long.  The  proper  place  to  operate 
is  between  the  eighth  and  ninth  ribs,  as  close  as  possible  to  the  ninth  rib. 
It  should  be  done  with  a trocar  and  canula,  two-thirds  the  way  down  toward 
the  bottom  of  the  chest.  After  tapping  give  the  following: 

Iodide  of  Potassium,  one  ounce. 

Spts.  Frumenti,  one  pint.  Mix. 

Give  a wine-glassful  every  six  hours;  also  give  daily  one  ounce  of  Tinct. 
Perchloride  of  Iron.  Apply  a good  mustard  plaster  to  the  sides  or  a good 
cantharides  liniment. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


17 


Heaves. 

This  disease  very  closely  resembles  asthma  in  man,  but  is  more  con- 
tinuous in  its  symptoms.  One  of  the  principal  causes  is  over-feeding-  on 
clover  hay,  but  over-feeding  with  any  bulky  food,  causing  overloading  and 
distension  of  the  stomach,  will  produce  heaves.  Diseases  of  the  lungs  are 
also  said  to  be  a cause.  I believe  that  large  horses  with  small  chests  are 
more  susceptible  to  this  disease  than  those  with  large  chests.  Therefore, 
from  mares  that  breed  such  colts  with  small  chests,  developing  heaves  at 
the  period  between  six  and  ten  years  of  age,  the  disease  truly  may  be  said 
to  be  hereditary. 

Symptoms: — No  fever,  but  short,  hacking  cough;  sometimes  discharge 
from  the  nose  of  a mattery  substance;  heavy,  abdominal  breathing,  with  a 
double  lift  of  the  flank  at  each  inspiration;  a wheezing  sound  is  made  when 
the  animal  is  put  to  work;  breathing  very  difficult  on  sultry,  foggy  days; 
the  animals  usually  eat  dirt  and  filth;  and,  inveriably,  when  the  animal 
coughs  wind  will  pass  off  from  the  bowels. 

Treatment: — Keep  the  animal  out  of  the  stable  both  winter  and  sum- 
mer and  let  it  run  on  pasture  as  much  as  possible.  When  fed  dampen  both 
hay  and  grain.  If  stabled,  kqep  in  a cool  well  aired  stable.  If  the  follow- 
ing receipt  is  followed  daily  it  will  be  of  much  benefit  in  checking  the 
cough,  which  greatly  benefits  the  animal: 

Give  a tablespoonful  three  times  a day  of  SCOTCH  DISTEMPER 
CURE  until  the  disease  is  checked;  then  give  a spoonful  once  a day  or 
every  other  day.  Always  give  the  medicine  in  soft  food.  Always  keep  the 
bowels  sufficiently  loose  with  SCOTCH  COMPOUND. 


Lymphangitis,  Inflammation  of  the  Lymphatics. 

This  is  a constitutional  disease  and  most  frequently  occurs  in  fleshy 
heavy  legged  horses.  It  is  caused  by  heavy  feeding  and  want  of  proper 
exercise.  Hence  it  is  generally  seen  on  Monday  morning.  The  heavy 
truck-horses  are  worked  all  week  and  highly  fed,  and  on  Sunday  they  receive 
their  usual  amount  of  feed.  As  the  system  is  not  working  enough  to  carry 
off  the  waste  material,  the  Lymphatic  glands  become  gorged  and  inflamma- 
tion is  the  result. 

Symptoms: — If  seen  at  first,  there  will  be  noticed  a chill,  with  fever 
rising  immediately  afterward;  pulse  ranging  from  forty  to  seventy,  hard 
and  cord-like  under  the  fingers;  the  horse  is  lame,  either  in  the  fore  or 
hind  leg,  most  frequently  the  latter;  if  the  lameness  is  in  the  fore  leg,  press 
upon  the  inside  of  the  fore  leg,  in  the  brachial  region,  close  up  to  the  breast, 
and  the  horse  will  evince  great  pain;  if  in  the  hind  leg,  press  iu  the  inguinal 
region,  close  up  to  the  groin,  and  from  there  to  near  the  stifle,  and  the  horse 
will  be  so  pained  that  he  will  raise  his  leg  sideways,  so  high  that  he  will 
almost  fall  over. 


18 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Treatment: — If  the  case  is  a mild  one,  exercise  moderately  and  apply 
hot  fomentations  to  the  parts  affected.  A recovery  may  be  expected  in  two 
days.  If  the  case  is  very  severe  give  immediately,  or  as  soon  as  possible — 

Barbadoes  Aloes,  one  ounce. 

Ginger,  two  drams.  Mix. 

Give  in  half  a pint  of  water  at  one  dose.  Then  apply  fomentations  of 
hot  water  and  vinegar  to  the  affected  parts  for  twenty  minutes,  every  two  or 
three  hours;  after  fomenting  wipe  dry  with  a flannel  cloth.  As  soon  as  the 
physic  has  operated  give  SCOTCH  COMPOUND  two  or  three  times 
a day. 

As  soon  as  the  horse  can  walk  with  any  comfort,  take  him  out  and 
exercise  moderately.  Should  there  be  any  swelling  left  in  the  groin  or 
brachial  region,  apply  Tincture  of  Iodine  every  day  for  a week;  then  cease 
for  a few  days  and  then  repeat.  Should  there  be  a tendency  to  “big  leg” 
(which  frequently  follows  this  disease),  use  the  Iodine  freely  and  give  the 
following: 

Iodine  of  Potassium,  two  ounces. 

Nux  Vomica,  one  ounce. 

Powd.  Sulph.  Iron,  one  ounce.  Mix. 

Make  into  fifteen  powders  and  give  one  powder  at  each  meal.  If  that 
should  fail,  use  a good  blister  along  the  lymphatic  chain. 


Lampas,  or  Swelled  Gums. 

This  is  a red  or  swolen  state  of  the  upper  gum  and  may  be  called  prop- 
erly dentition  fever.  It  usually  is  seen  in  colts  from  one  to  five  years  old, 
and  is  caused  principally  from  teething;  but  may  occur  at  any  age  from  in- 
digestion. 

Treatment: — If  in  an  old  horse,  give  at  one  dose  the  following  physic: 

Aloes,  one  ounce. 

Ginger,  one  dram.  Mix. 

Af tei  ward  ^ive  a vegetable  tonic  to  improve  the  digestion.  If  in  a colt, 
scarify  the  gums — but  do  not  go  back  of  the  second  crease  in  the  mouth. 
Peed  corn  on  the  ear  and  give  SCOTCH  COMPOUND. 


Enteritis,  or  Inflammation  of  the  Bowels, 

Causes:  Drinking  ice-cold  water;  standing  in  draughts;  giving  too  pow- 
erful cathartics;  feeding  new  oats,  new  corn,  or  musty  grain  or  hay;  heavy, 
fatiguing  work;  indigestion;  spasmodic  colic,  when  not  properly  attended  to. 

Symptoms: — The  symptoms  very  much  resemble  spasmodic  colic.  The 
animal  will  paw  and  lie  down, — very  carefully  at  first;  as  the  disease  ad- 
vances he  will  lie  down  and  get  up  frequently;  roll  upon  his  back,  lie  for  a 
short  time  in  that  position,  then  begin  tumbling  around . The  pains  are 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


19 


very  severe  and  continuous;  whereas,  in  spasmodic  colic  there  are  frequent 
intermissions.  The  legs. and  ears  get  cold.  The  pulse,  at  first  full  and  fast 
— ranging  from  sixty  to  seventy,  very  soon  becomes  smaller  and  weaker. 


INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  BOWELS. 


Cold  sweats  break  out  on  the  body;  an  anxious  expression  of  countenance 
appears;  glassy,  staring  eyes;  upon  applying  pressure  to  the  abdomen  the 


INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  BOWELS. 


animal  will  evince  pain;  breathing  hurried;  the  animal  frequently  passes 
pellets  of  dung,  generally  glazed  with  mucuous  or  streaked  with  blood. 

Treatment: — If  the  patient  is  seen  during  the  early  stage,  bleeding 
from  the  jugular  vein  until  an  impression  is  made  on  the  pulse,  will  often 
give  relief.  Give  immediately  SCOTCH  COLIC  CURE. 

Apply  hot  fomentations  to  the  abdomen.  Rub  the  legs  with  the  follow- 
ing: 


20 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Alcohol,  four  ounces. 

Aqua  Ammonia,  two  ounces.  Mix. 

Apply  bandages  and  if  the  pain  continues,  give  dram  doses  of  powdered 
Opium  every  thirty  or  forty  minutes  until  it  ceases.  Then  apply  the  fore- 
going liniment  to  the  abdomen  and  keep  the  patient  well  blanketed.  Keep 
the  bowels  quiet,  it  makes  no  difference  if  they  don’t  move  for  two  or  three 
days.  Feed  on  light,  soft  feed,  as  bran  mash,  linseed  meal,  etc.  In  the 
course  of  two  or  three  days  give  SCOTCH  COMPOUND,  and  con- 
tinue giving  it  morning  and  evening  until  the  bowels  move. 


Diarrhoea. 

This  disease  is  quite  frequently  met  with  among  horses.  Causes:  Giv- 
ing too  heavy  cathartics;  drinking  impure  water;  eating  tender  green  grass 
in  the  spring;  indigestion;  drinking  ice-cold  water;  over-driving  and  water- 
ing while  heated;  exposure  to  cold  rains;  any  irritant  within  the  bowels. 

Symptoms: — There  may  be  a soft  discharge  from  the  bowels,  which 
may  be  completely  overlooked  for  a considerable  length  of  time  because  the 
animal  retains  its  appetite;  it  may  terminate  in  complete  recovery.  But  in 
the  more  severe  cases  a watery  discharge  comes  flooding  from  the  bowels, 
with  loss  of  appetite;  staring  coat;  paleness  of  the  mucous  membranes; 
sunken  eyes;  unsteady  or  stagering  gait;  rapid  breathing;  small,  weak  and 
rapid  pulse;  rumbling  of  the  bowels — if  the  ear  is  applied  to  the  side  a 
rumbling  or  churning  sound  is  heard. 

Treatment: — If  the  discharge  is  slight,  give  a pint  of  castor  oil,  which 
will  generally  effect  a cure.  But  in  the  more  aggravated  form,  give  a pint 
and  a half  of  castor  or  linseed  oil  and  one  ounce  of  laudanum.  Change  the 
diet  to  good  nutritious  food  and  give  every  four  hours  two  table  spoonfuls  of 
the  following: 

Prepared  Chalk,  four  ounces. 

Powdered  Catechu,  one  ounce. 

Powdered  Cinchona,  one  ounce. 

Powdered  Gentian,  two  ounces.  Mix. 

Allow  the  horse  to  stand  for  a few  days  before  putting  to  work,  as  a 
second  attack  is  worse  than  the  first. 


Dysentery. 

This  is  an  aggravated  form  of  diarrhoea,  tending  to  inflammation  of  the 
bowels.  The  causes  are  like  those  of  diarrhoea — such  as  feeding  musty  hay; 
drinking  impure  water;  strong  purgatives;  exposure  to  cold  rains,  etc. 

Symptoms: — Excessive  watery  discharge  from  the  bowels;  abdomen 
tucked  up  and  very  tender;  staring  coat;  sunken  eyes;  the  animal  soon  be 
comes  very  week;  dejected  appearance  generally. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


21 


Treatment: — Give  the  patient  soft  and  easily  digested  food,  as  linseed 
meal  gruel,  slippery  elm  gruel,  etc.  Administer  the  following: 

Powd.  Opium,  one-half  ounce. 

Powd.  Catechu,  one  ounce. 

Kino,  one  ounce. 

Prepared  Chalk,  four  ounces.  Mix. 

Make  six  doses  and  every  four  or  five  hours  give  one  in  a little  sweet 
milk.  Rub  the  abdomen  with  SCOTCH  OIL. 


Bots. 

These  are  the  larvae  of  the  different  species  of  gad-fly,  which  pester 
horses  in  the  summer.  They  fly  about  horses  and  deposit  their  eggs  upon 
their  legs  and  sides;  and,  by  the  horse’s  biting  or  licking  itself,  they  are 
taken  into  the  stomach  when  they  fasten  themselves  to  the  mucous  lining  of 
the  stomach  or  of  the  upper  part  of  the  small  intestine  (duodenum).  There 
they  develop  into  the  grub  or  bot  and  subsist  upon  the  gastric  or  intestinal 


BOTS. 

1— Female  Fly.  2— Egg.  3— The  Bot.  4— The  Chrysalis.  5— Male  Fly. 

juices,  and  when  once  they  lose  their  hold  they  seldom  regain  it.  If  but 
few  in  numbers  they  never  do  any  harm.  If  existing  in  great  numbers, 
they  cause  indigestion  and  colic;  sometimes  they  almost  stop  up  the  duode- 
num. In  such  cases  the  horse  will  not  thrive  and  will  be  troubled  with  in- 
digestion; it  will  be  weak  and  easily  fatigued. 

Treatment: — Feeding  sliced  potatoes  is  beneficial.  Follow  it  up  with 
SCOTCH  COMPOUND,  This  will  sometimes  carry  off  quite  a num- 


22 


IQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


ber  of  th«  boti.  In  th©  early  spring  they  pass  away  roluntarily  and  during 
the  summer  develop  into  the  gad-fly. 

Intestinal  Worms. 

A great  many  varieties  of  worms  infest  the  intestines  of  hors€>s.  A 
thorough  description  of  them  is  quite  unnecessary.  Suffice  it  to  say  they 


WORMS. 


are  of  no  benefit  to  the  animal  and  the  sooner  they  are  expelled  from  the 
bowels  the  better. 

Symptoms: — Rough,  staring  coat;  ravenous  appetite;  rubbing  the  tail; 
loss  of  flesh;  big  or  pot-belly;  licking  of  dirt;  pallor  of  the  mucous  mem- 
branes; sunken  eyes;  sometimes  constipation,  at  others  diarrhoea;  frequent 


SYMPTOMS  OF  WORMS. 


switchings  of  the  tail;  worms  protruaing  or  smashed  around  the  anus,  leav- 
ing a white  or  mattery  substance. 

Treatment: — Various  remedies  are  recommended  for  worms — such  as 
tobacco,  turpentine,  sulphate  of  iron,  oil  of  the  Male  Shield  Pern,  Santonine, 
etc.  But  I have  not  seen  anything  for  removing  them  equal  to  the 
SCOTCH  WORM  DESTROYER,  if  the  directions  are  strictly  fol- 
lowed. I have  heard  men  say  after  giving  it  that  the  worms  ‘^passed  by  the 
peck.”  Worms  infest  colts  from  one  to  four  years  old  more  frequently  than 
old  horses,  and  they  should  be  attended  to.  A great  many  colts  are  lost 
every  year  from|worms,  when  a few  doses  of  SCOTCH  COMPOUND 
would  have  effected  a permanent  cure. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


23 


Nephritis,  or  Inflammation  of  the  Kidneys. 

This  disease  is  of  infrequent  occurrence  but  may  be  induced  in  various 
ways — as  by  spraining  the  loins  while  pulling  hard  carrying  too  heavy  a 
weight;  being  heated  and  then  exposed  to  the  cold;  absorption  of  Cantha- 
rides  when  applied  as  a blister  to  large  surfaces;  by  the  administration  of 
severe  diuretics,  etc. 

Symptoms: — The  animal  walks  with  a straddling  gait  and  with  back 
“reached;”  evinces  pain  similar  to  that  of  colic;  if  it  lies  down,  will  do  so 
Tsry  carefully;  small  and  frequent  passages  of  very  highly-colored  urine: 


INFLAMMATION  OP  THE  KIDNEYS. 

fever  usually  very  high;  pulse  cord-like  to  the  touch,  and  very  fast;  breath- 
ing very  much  accelerated;  in  the  course  of  a few  days  swelling  of  the 
limbs,  which  disappears  upon  exercising. 

Treatment: — Put  the  animal  in  a good  comfortable  place,  blanket 
warmly  and  apply  hot  cloths  around  the  loins.  Give  a good  physic — 
Sulphate  of  Soda,  one  pound. 

Water,  two  quarts.  Mix. 

Peed  on  soft  diet  and  in  a few  days  give  FI.  Ext.  Buchu  Juniper  with 
Acet.  Potass.,  half  ounce  doses  morning  and  evening.  Keep  the  bowels 
loose  all  the  time  with  SCOTCH  COMPOUND,  and  give  injections 
of  warm  water  and  laudanum  every  hour  for  a few  hours. 


Retention  of  Urine. 

This  has  yarious  causes— such  as  spasm  of  the  neck  of  the  bladder; 
calculus  (or  stone  in  the  bladder)  working  its  way  into  the  urethra;  paralysis 
of  the  neck  of  the  bladder;  over-distension  of  the  bladder  with  urine.  The 


24 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


more  frequent  cause  is  spasm.  In  spasmodic  colic  the  neck  of  the  bladder 
becomes  constricted  and  is  only  relieved  as  the  colic  disappears. 

Symptoms: — See  treatise  on  colic  for  symptoms  of  spasm.  Prom  other 
causes  the  animal  will  walk  with  a straddling  gait:  frequently  attempt  to 
urinate;  stand  stretched  out  and  groan  when  attempting  to  urinate;  some 
times  pain  is  so  severe  as  to  cause  perspiration  to  break  out  all  over  the 
body;  urine  is  passed  in  small  quantities. 

Treatment: — If  from  colic  treat  for  that.  If  from  other  causes,  as 
calculus  (stone  in  the  bladder),  pass  the  catheter  and  afterwards  remove  the 
stone.  If  from  spasm  of  the  neck  of  the  bladder  or  from  over-distension 
with  urine,  pass  the  hand  per  rectum  and  apply  extract  of  Belladonna,  or 
give  hot  water  injections,  or  pass  the  catheter. 


Inflammation  of  the  Mammary  Glands,  or  Mammits. 

Causes:  Blows  on  the  udder;  lying  on  cold,  wet  ground;  exposure  to 
cold  rains;  neglect  of  milking;  suddenly  feeding  rich  food,  causing  indiges- 
tion, etc, 

Symptoms: — Loss  of  appetite;  fever;  hurried  breathing;  constipation; 
shivering  spells,  sometimes  the  whole  bag  is  involved,  but  more  frequently 
one-half  or  a quarter;  the  part  of  the  bag  affected  will  present  a red  ap- 
pearance and  be  hard  and  painful  to  the  touch;  there  will  be  falling  off  of 
milk  in  that  part  and  possibly  in  the  whole  bag;  frequently  streaks  of  blood 
will  pass  from  the  teat  while  milking;  patient  walks  in  a stiff  or  straddling 
manner  and,  quite  frequently,  will  go  lame. 

Treatment: — If  the  case  is  very  mild  bathe  well  with  camphorated 
soap  liniment  or  SCOTCH  OIL,  and  a cure  will  result.  If  matter  forms, 
open  and  let  it  escape;  inject  the  abscess  with  two  drams  of  Permanganate 
of  Potass,  in  sixteen  ounces  of  water,  twice  a day.  Sometimes  in  the  milder 
form  it  is  advisable  to  let  a hungry  calf  suck  and  burst  it.  If  gangrene 
ensues,  amputate  that  portion  of  the  bag. 


Simple  Opthalmia,  or  Infammation  of  the  Eyes. 

Causes:  Feeding  from  a rack  above  the  head,  thus  getting  chaff,  etc., 
into  the  eyes:  blows  from  whips  or  sticks;  exposure  to  cold;  obstruction  of 
the  lachrymal  duct;  irritating  influence  of  a badly  ventilated  stable. 

Symptoms: — Whatever  the  cause,  the  eyes  will  be  red,  or  blood-shot, 
and  watery;  swelling  the  eye-lids;  eyes,  hot  and  feverish;  if  not  relieved  a 
white  film  spreads  over  the  eye;  lids  kept  closed  most  of  the  time. 

Treatment:— If  a foreign  body  gets  into  the  eye,"  remove  it,  bathe  the 
eye  with  hot  water,  and  all  will  be  well  in  a few  days.  A decoction  of 
Opium  may  be  added  to  the  hot  water.  If  from  a blow  or  from  exposure  to 
cold,  give  a physic— 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


25 


Aloes,  one  ounce. 

Ginger,  one  drachm. 

Water,  one-half  pint.  Mix. 

Bathe  the  eye  with  hot  water  and  apply  SCOTCH  EYE  LOTION 
three  times  a day.  Sometimes  it  is  advisable  to  blister  the  temples  with — 

Cantharides,  one  drachm. 

Vaseline,  one  ounce.  Mix. 

In  removing  a foreign  body,  apply  to  the  eye  for  a few  minutes  a solution 
of  two  grains  of  Cocoaine  to  one-half  ounce  of  water.  Apply  five  drops  and 
in  two  minutes  repeat,  when  the  object  can  be  removed  with  ease. 


Epilepsy,  or  “Falling  Fits.” 

The  exact  cause  of  this  disease  is  not  known,  but  it  undoubtedly  arises 
from  some  trouble  with  the  bowels  or  brain.  For,  horses  troubled  with 
worms  frequently  have  fits,  and  when  once  rid  of  the  worms  will  cease 
having  fits.  Others,  perfectly  free  from  worms,  have  “falling  fits”  for  years, 
owing  to  some  structural  change  in  the  brain — as  tumors,  abscesses,  etc., 
pressing  upon  the  nerve  centres,  causing  a rush  of  blood  to  the  brain. 
Fright  will  frequently  cause  “falling  fits.”  A horse,  subject  to  them,  when 
frightened  will  invariably  fall  over  in  a fit. 

Symptoms: — Generally  the  first  symptoms  noticed  will  be  movement  of 
the  ears  backward  and  forward,  loss  of  motion  or  staggering  gait,  head 
drawn  backward,  with  twitching  of  the  muscles  of  the  neck.  Then  the 
animal  will  rear  and  fall  over;  when  down,  the  head  will  be  drawn  back- 
ward and  the  muscles  of  the  body  and  neck  will  be  rigid  or  trembling; 
sometimes  the  animal  will  kick  and  strike  violently,  remain  for  a minute  or 
perhaps  several  minutes,  then  get  up  and  move  on;  a wild  or  anxious  ex- 
pression of  the  countenance  will  always  be  noticed;  the  eyes  bulge  out  and 
are  very  red. 

Treatment: — As  soon  as  the  fit  is  seen*  coming  on  bleed  from  the 
nostrils  and  the  animal  will  inv^iably  rise  and  go  on;  or  give  by  inhalation 
chloroform  or  ether,  which  also  relieves.  When  aware  that  a horse  has  fits, 
attention  should  be  directed  to  prevention  as  far  as  possible.  If  intestinal 
worms  are  suspected,  clean  the  bowels  out  with  a physic  and  get  rid  of  the 
worms.  In  a plethoric  horse,  an  occasional  physic  will  benefit  by  lessening 
the  quantity  of  blood  and  cooling  him  off.  But  if  the  patient  is  of  weak 
constitution  give  vegetable  and  mineral  tonics,  such  as  SCOTCH  COM- 
POUND. In  the  summer,  during  hot  weather,  keep  a wet  sponge  on  top 
of  the  head  and  feed  on  soft  feed.  Above  all,  do  not  whip  or  excite  the 
animal.  Sometimes  the  Bromide  of  Potassium  or  Sodium  may  be  given 
with  benefit. 


26 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Tetanus,  or  Lock-Jaw. 

The  great  majority  of  cases  of  lock-jaw  arise  from  puncturing  the  foot 
with  a rusty  nail,  but  it  may  be  caused  by  wounds  of  any  description.  Quite 
frequently  it  is  caused  by  castration — no  matter  how  neatly  or  thoroughly 


TETANUS,  OR  LOCK-JAW. 


performed.  It  may  also  arise  from  exposure  to  cold  or  wet,  nicking  or  dock- 
ing the  tail,  and  from  fractured  bones.  It  will  sometimes  happen  without 
any  apparent  cause,  whatever,  and  sometimes  from  excessive  fright. 

Symptoms: — The  first  observable  sign  is  a great  stiffness;  then  the  eyes 
are  drawn  back  into  the  sockets  and  the  haw,  membrana  nictitanSj  will  al- 
most cover  the  eyes;  grinding  of  the  teeth  follows,  with  stiffness  of  the  jaws 
and  dribbling  of  saliva  from  the  angles  of  the  mouth;  on  approaching  the 
animal  the  eyes  are  withdrawn  into  their  sockets,  the  haws  protrude  over 
the  eyes,  and  the  patient  manifests  great  fear;  the  muscles  along  the  neck 
are  very  rigid;  the  tail  is  slightly  elevated;  the  animal  will  attempt  to  suck 
food  or  water,  but  the  act  of  swallowing  is  extremely  diffcult  and  very  little 
food  or  water  reaches  the  stomach;  breathing  is  usually  accelerated  with 
the  nostrils  widely  distended;  pulse  regular,  but  hard  and  incompressible; 
fever,  in  some  cases  very  slight,  but  in  the  more  severe  cases  somtimes 
reaching  107°  to  108°  P.  If  compelled  to  move  the  horse  goes  with  a stiff, 
straddling  gait;  while  standing  its  legs  are  spread  apart,  acting  merely  as 
props  for  the  body. 

Treatment: — If  possible,  first  ascertain  the  cause  and  remove  it.  If 
from  a punctured  foot;  find  the  spot  and  pare  it  out  to  the  bottom,  and  apply 
Solid  Ext.  Belladonia  to  the  wound.  Put  in  a comfortable  stall  and,  as  soon 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


27 


as  possible,  place  the  slings  under  the  animal  to  give  it  rest,  but  do  so  very 
quietly.  Then,  if  you  can,  give  a good  physic — 

Aloes,  one  ounce. 

Ginger,  one  dram.  Mix. 

Or,  one  pound  of  Sulphate  of  Soda.  Give  in  drinking  water  or  drench. 
Keep  the  bowels  open  by  giving  oil  or  Epsom  Salts,  or  Sulphate  of  Soda  in 
drinking  water.  Keep  the  wound  well  greased  with  Belladonna,  every  four 


to  six  hours,  give  by  placing  it  between  the  back  teeth  or  on  the  back  part 
of  the  tongue.  I have  seen  good  results  from  giving  two  dram  doses  of 
Prussic  Acid  every  five  hours,  or  the  following: 

Bromide  of  Potassium,  one  dram. 

Chloral  Hydrate,  one  dram.  Mix. 

Give  with  two  ounces  of  Liq.  Ammonia  Acetatis  every  four  or  five  hours. 
All  remedies  of  an  irritating  nature  applied  externally,  will  do  a great  deal 
more  harm  than  good.  I have  never  seen  any  good  results  from  their  ap- 
plication, on  the  contrary,  the  patient  invariably  grew  worse  steadily.  If 
the  disease  is  occasioned  by  a wound  of  any  kind,  poultice  well  with  flax- 
seed and  apply  Belladanna.  One  thing  I wish  impressed  upon  the  mind  of 
the  attendant:  Place  the  patient  in  a dark  stall,  put  the  slings  under  it  as 
soon  as  possible,  and  allow  no  one  to  go  near  it  hut  yourself^  no  matter  how 
anxious  they  may  be  to  see  it.  While  going  around  the  patient,  go  as 
quietly  as  possible.  Do  your  work  as  quietly  as  it  can  possibly  be  done,  as  a 
little  fright  will  sometimes  place  a convalescent  in  a worse  condition  than  at 
first. 

Stomach  Staggers,  or  Grass  Staggers. 

This  disease  is  seldom  known  in  this  locality,  as  but  little  rye  is  raised 
here  for  pasture.  It  seldom  occurs  except  where  there  are  such  pastures. 


28 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


It  is  caused  by  eating  the  flower  and  the  seeds  of  the  rye,  which  cause  indi- 
gestion and  exert  a toxic  influence  upon  the  nerve  centers.  Use  SCOTCH 
COMPOUND  CONDITION  POWDERS. 

Symptoms: — The  first  symptoms  noticed  are  want  of  control  of  the  vol- 
untary movements,  and,  in  a few  days,  loss  of  control  of  the  hind  limbs. 
The  animal  moves  with  a staggering,  weaving  gait,  and  if  turned  in  a short 
or  limited  space  will  almost  fall  over,  or  perhaps  quite.  Appetite,  usually 
good;  bowels  constipated;  pulse  and  respirations  regular;  disinclination  to 
lie  down;  will  stand  and  rest  its  haunches  against  the  wall  or  stall.  If  the 
patient  falls  down  and  muscular  spasms  begin,  with  involuntary  jerking  of 
the  legs,  loss  of  conciousness  (siffnifying  cerebral  disturbance),  rapid  pulse 
and  loud  respirations,  death  wjll  shortly  occur.  If  these  symptoms  do  not 
present,  recovery  will  take  place  in  from  one  to  three  weeks. 


Sun  Stroke. 

This  disease  attacks  all  kinds  of  horses  during  the  summer  heat,  but  is 
more  prevalent  in  large  cities  than  in  small  ones  or  in  the  country.  The 
principal  causes  are  badly  ventilated,  filthy  stables,  poor  food,  causing  de- 
rangement of  the  alimentary  canal,  and  afterwards  being  driven  in  the  hot 
sun;  over- work  and  tight-fitting  collars  are  also  causes. 

Symptoms: — Sometimes  the  horse  will  begin  to  hang  back  and  seem 
stupid , hang  his  head  and  want  to  stop.  If  allowed  to  stop  he  will  prop  him- 
self with  all  four  legs.  The  breathing  is  very  rapid  and  heavy;  skin  hot  and 
dry;  the  head  about  the  poll  very  hot;  nostrils  widely  distended;  pupils  of 
the  eyes  contracted;  eyes  bulged  out  and  very  red;  if  compelled  to  move  the 
animal  staggers  and  sometimes  falls;  pulse  very  quick  and  weak.  If  the  pa- 
tient recovers  it  is  comparatively  useless  in  the  summer,  but  will  do  all 
kinds  of  work  in  the  winter. 

Treatment: — As  soon  as  noticed  take  oft'  the  harness  and  collar  and  ap- 
ply cold  water  to  the  head.  Sometimes  it  is  advisable  to  apply  cold  water 
all  over  the  body.  If  the  patient  is  failing  give  strong  stimulents,  as — 

Carbonate  of  Ammonia,  four  drachms. 

Whiskey,  one  pint.  Mix. 

Give  at  one  dose;  or. 

Aromatic  Spts.  of  Ammonia,  one  ounce. 

Water,  one  pint.  Mix. 

Bathe  and  rub  the  limbs  well  with  SCOTCH  OIL.  Give  injections 
of  hot  water  containing  a little  Ammonia.  When  the  pupils  begin  to  dilate 
and  consciousness  returns,  give  a quart  of  raw  linseed  oil. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


29 


Congestion  of  the  Skin. 

Cause:  Exposure  to  cold  and  rains;  being  driven  in  the  mud  in  the 
spring  and  fall;  imperfectly  fitting  harness  and  collar;  chafing  during  the 
summer  months,  etc. 

Symptoms: — Redness  of  the  skin,  attended  with  itching;  if  between  the 
thighs  the  horse  will  straddle  when  standing  or  when  first  driven;  if  under 
the  collar  the  horse  will  keep  stretching  and  bobbing  the  head;  if  in  other 
parts  of  the  body,  they  will  invariably  rub  themselves. 

Treatment: — Bathe  the  parts  well  with  hot  water  and  castilesoap,  and 
apply  three  times  a day  SCOTCH  OINTMENT. 


Scratches  and  Grease  Heel. 

Cause: — Continuous  driving  on  muddy  roads;  to  much  washing  in  cold 
water  and  not  being  rubbed  dry;  irritating  fumes  arising  from  the  manure; 
running  in  dirty,  wet  barnyards;  weak  or  deficient  circulation. 

Symptoms: — It  is  usually  noticed  in  horses  of  lymphatic  temperment, 
with  thick,  meaty  legs,  but  may  attack  any  horse.  Cold  or  any  irritation  of 
the  lymphatic  or  of  the  subaceous  glands  will  cause  the  heels  to  swell  and 
crack  open;  small  scabs  will  form  and  be  very  painful;  when  first  started 
the  horse  will  lift  his  heels  very  high,  owing  to  the  pain;  there  will  be  more 
or  less  fever;  appetite  usually  good;  after  being  driven  for  awhile  the  horse 
gets  over  his  lameness.  If  not  attended  to  the  case  becomes  more  aggra- 


SCRATCHES. 


vated;  the  swelling  increases;  deep  cracks  will  break  across  the  heels,  and 
a yellowish-white,  foetid  discharge  will  come  oozing  out  and  run  down  the 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


heels.  Later  on  the  cracks  become  larger  and  often  coalesce,  forming  a 
very  large  sore  which,  when  washed,  looks  red  and  aggravated.  ‘ Then  comes 
what  is  termed  the  “grapy”  stage — small  lumps  of  flesh  will  raise  in  bunches 
very  much  resembling  a bunch  of  grapes.  The  discharge  still  continues  and 
is  very  foetid  and  offensive. 


GREASE  HEEL. 


Treatment  :--During  the  first  stage,  when  the  skin  is  swollen  and  ten- 
der. apply  a hot  bran  poultice,  and  regulate  the  diet.  Feed  on  soft  feed  and 
give  at  one  dose— 

Aloes,  one  ounce. 

Ginger,  two  drachms.  Mix. 

Quite  frequently  the  disease  will  disappear.  But  as  the  disease  becomes 
more  advanced  and  small  cracks  appear  with  a discharge,  continuous 
poulticing  with  hot  bran  will  be  very  beneficial;  also  use  a solution  of — 
Sulphate  of  Zinc,  one  half  ounce. 

Sugar  of  Lead,  one  ounce. 

Carbolic  Acid,  four  drachms. 

Distilled  Water,  one  pint.  Mix. 

Apply  three  times  a day.  Also  give  SCOTCH  COMPOUND  ac- 
cording to  directions.  When  the  “grapy”  stage  appears  cut  the  knobs  off 
with  a hot  iron  or  with  a knife  and  apply  dilute  Muriatic  Acid.  But  at  any 
stage  there  is  no  local  application  equal  to  SCOTCH  OINTMENT, 
when  used  according  to  directions.  A great  many  practitioners  advise 
cutting  the  hair  short  for  the  application  of  local  remedies.  I would  not 
advise  such  a course,  as,  in  my  experience;  the  short  hair  invariably  proved 
a source  of  irritation. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


31 


Mange. 

At  the  commencement  this  is  purely  a skin  disease,  and  is  caused  by  a 
small  insect  called  Acaria,  which  burrows  into  the  skin  and  breeds.  It 
forms  small  pustules  which  cause  considerable  itching.  As  the  pustules 
break  a small  scab  is  formed,  and  so  intense  is  the  itching  that  the  horse 


MANGE. 


will  rub  himself  until  the  hair,  and  frequently  the  skin,  are  rubbed  off.  In 
severe  cases  the  mane  and  tail  will  fall  off,  leaving  the  horse  a pitiable 
object.  Mange  is  very  contagious — at  least  the  Acaria  will  crawl  from  one 


MANGE  INSECT. 

horse  to  another.  It  is  even  communicated  to  a healthy  horse  by  its  rub- 
bing himself  against  a post  where  a mangy  horse  has  been  rubbing. 

Treatment: — The  disease  is  seldom  noticed  until  scabs  are  formed. 


32 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


They  should  be  well  oiled  with  sweet  oil,  and  in  twenty-four  hours  washed 
warm  water  and  castile  soap,  when  the  following  liniment  should  be  applied: 
Linseed  Oil,  eight  ounces. 

Sulphur,  two  ounces. 

Oil  of  Tar,  four  ounces.  Mix. 

Apply  with  a brush  and  wash  off  in  twenty-four  hours.  If  thought 
necessary  apply  a second  or  third  time.  Regulate  the  bowels  with 
SCOTCH  COMPOUND  and  keep  in  as  good  spirits  as  possible. 


Lice. 

These  are  small  insects  of  a low  grade  which  seldom  attack  horses  in 
good  condition,  but  invariably  appear  on  horses  in  poor  condition.  The 
animal  will  rub  itself  and  the  hair  will  look  rough  and  staring;  there  will 
be  pallor  of  the  mucus  membranes;  sunken  eyes;  frequently  an  unsteady 
gait.  An  examination  will  reveal  the  cause.  Quite  frequently  horses  are 
kept  close  to  a chicken  house  and  become  infested  with  chicken  lice;  these 
are  very  small  and  not  easily  detected  but  are  very  troublesome. 

Treatment: — As  lice  seldom  cover  the  whole  body,  examine  and  locate 
the  place  where  they  are.  Apply  diluted  kerosene  oil  two  or  three  times 
and  they  will  generally  disappear.  Or,  take  one  pound  of  Stavesacre  seeds 
and  two  gallons  of  soft  water;  boil  for  two  hours  or  till  reduced  to  one 
gallon.  Allow  to  stand  twenty-four  hours;  then  apply  all  over  the  animal. 
Two  applications  generally  will  suffice.  Some  prefer  the  use  of  tobacco  in 
the  same  manner,  but  I am  positive  that  the  best  results  will  be  obtained 
from  Stavesacre  seed. 


Erysipelas. 

Cause:  Anything  which  has  a tendency  to  lower  the  vitality  and  vitiate 
the  blood — such  as  diseases  of  the  liver  or  kidneys,  for  they  are  great  blood- 
purifying  organs,  and  any  affection  of  those  organs  tends  to  impair  the 
blood  by  leaving  within  it  the  effete  materials  intended  to  be  eliminated  by 
these  organs;  feeding  on  musty  or  badly  cured  fodder;  exposure  to  extreme 
heat;  wounds;  burns;  scalds;  bites  of  insects  or  reptiles. 

Symptoms: — Usually  eaysipelas  begins  with  fever,  quite  frequently 
preceded  with  a chill;  the  fever  gradually  rising;  loss  of  appetite;  pulse 
ranging  from  fifty  to  eighty  beats  per  minute.  The  skin  and  connective 
tissues  are  the  seat  of  the  infiammation,  which  generally  attacks  the  hind 
limbs;  though  the  fore  limbs,  head  and  neck  may  be  attacked.  Owing  to 
the  attack  the  swelling  of  the  skin  is  sometimes  very  great.  If  it  begins 
near  the  foot  it  runs  very  rapidly  up  the  limb.  The  swelling  is  hard,  but 
pits  on  pressure.  In  a white  horse  the  redness  is  perceptible,  but  in  horses 
of  any  other  polor  the  redness  cannot  be  seen  Sometimes,  though  not 
always,  the  swelling  is  painful  to  the  touch.  Small  vesicles  appear  and  dis- 


MEDICINE  AND  StJRGERY. 


33 


charge  a yellowish  serum;  they  then  form  a small  scab  and  in  a few  days 
peel  off.  If  for  the  better,  they  leave  a dry  surface;  if  for  the  worse,  a deep 
sore,  and  quite  frequently  deep  cracks  having  a ragged,  unhealthy  appear- 
ance, and  disinclined  to  heal.  Sometimes  pus  will  form  under  the  skin 
burrowing  into  the  muscular  tissues;  sometimes  it  is  very  diffuse,  and  is  re- 
absorbed by  the  system,  when  a fatal  termination  may  be  anticipated. 
When  the  swelling  is  great  the  hair  invariably  drops  off  and  leaves  a 
shining  surface. 

Treatment:— Open  the  bowels  thoroughly  with — 

Aloes,  one  ounce. 

Calomel,  one  drachm. 

Ginger,  one  drachm.  Mix. 

Give  at  one  dose:  then  follow  up  with  Tinct.  Muriate  of  Iron  in  half 
ounce  doses  every  five  or  six  hours.  As  a local  application,  cover  the 
swollen  part  with  Tinct.  of  Iodine  or  the  Fid.  Ext.  of  Belladonna;  but 
previously  apply  water  and  Sal  Ammoniac.  If  pus  has  formed,  make  a free 
incision  to  allow  it  to  escape,  and  dress  the  wound  and  abscess  with  one 
ounce  of  Permanganate  of  Potass,  in  one  pint  of  soft  water,  twice  a day; 
also  use  the  same  solution  on  unhealthy,  ragged  sores.  Apply  SCOTCH 
HOOF  OINTMENT  twice  daily.  When  sores  break  out  and  become 
aggravated  and  when  abscesses  form,  they  should  be  washed  twice  a day 
with  hot  water  and  castile  soap  before  the  dressings  are  applied.  The  diet 
should  be  first-class  in  every  particular,  but  ground  feed  is  preferable  to 
solid  grain.  The  animal  should  be  kept  in  a clean,  comfortable,  airy  place. 
When  convalescence  is  established,  give  SCOTCH  COMPOUND 
POWDERS  three  times  a day. 


Burns  and  Scalds. 

A great  deal  depends  upon  the  extent  and  severity  of  the  injury. 
Slight  burns  or  scalds  may  be  treated  by  using  a solution  of  one-half  dunce 
of  Carbolic  Acid  to  one  pint  of  water,  applied  frequently.  But,  if  the  burn 
is  very  deep,  cover  over  with  linseed  oil  or  vaseline,  to  exclude  the  air. 
After  the  pain  has  ceased  open  the  blisters  with  a needle  and  allow  the 
fluid  to  escape.  Then  press  the  skin  down  closely,  so  that,  if  possible,  it 
may  adhere.  If  it  does  not  adhere  and  an  open  sore  results,  dress  it  twice  a 
day  with  Carbolic  Acid,  five  drachms  in  ten  ounces  of  water.  But  there  is 
nothing  for  any  indolent  sore  equal  to  SCOTCH  OINTMENT,  if  used 
according  to  directions.  Frequent  washing  with  castile  soap  and  hot  water 
are  also  beneficial. 

Inflammation  of  the  Feet,  Laminitis,  Founder. 

This  disease  has  various  causes,  such  as  picking  up  a nail;  having  a nail 
driven  too  close  while  shoeing;  driving  on  hard  roads  barefooted;  drinking 


u 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


cold  water  when  heated;  eating  too  much  grain;  feeding  green  corn;  giving 
a drastic  cathartic;  muco-enteritis;  or  from  any  affection  of  the  alimentary 
canal  or  of  the  air  passages. 

Symptoms: — When  first  noticed  the  patient  generally  will  be  standing 
with  its  feet  well  under  the  body,  the  fore  feet  both  pointed  forward,  and  so 
stiff  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  move  it  either  for  ivard  or  backward.  The 
fore  feet  almost  invariably  are  the  ones  attacked;  the  hind  feet  are  some- 
times, but  very  seldom,  affected.  The  breathing  is  greatly  accelerated; 
temperature  varies  from  103°  to  106°  F. ; attempts  to  move  the  animal  causes 
so  much  pain  that  it  will  groan;  if  forced  to  move,  it  goes  with  a jumping, 
staggering  gait,  almost  falling  down,  and  rests  very  lightly  on  the  heels  of 
the  front  feet.  The  feet  will  be  very  hot  and  tender,  and  if  they  are  struck 
with  a hammer  the  horse  will  groan  and  almost  fall  down.  Sometimes  the 
breathing  will  be  so  accelerated  that  the  nostrils  are  distended  to  their 
fullest  capacity.  Sometimes  only  one  foot  is  attacked;  in  such  cases  the 
patient  will  keep  the  foot  raised  the  most  of  the  time.  Sometimes,  in 
chronic  cases,  the  feet  become  greatly  distorted;  the  healthy  rings  around 
the  wall  of  the  foot  coalesce;  the  feet  grow  crooked  and  are  contracted  at 
the  heels.  Sometimes  the  wall  and  sole  become  separated;  an  effusion  takes 
place  between  the  lamina  and  pedal  bone,  forcing  it  down  and  pressing  the 
sole  down  along  with  it — sometimes  penetrating  through  to  the  ground. 

Treatment: — Some  practitioners  prefer  hot  applications  to  the  feet, 
but  my  experience  has  forced  me  to  conclude  that  cold  applications  are 
preferable  to  hot  ones.  Place  the  feet  in  a tub  of  cold  water,  putting  straw 
in  the  bottom  of  the  tub  to  ease  the  feet;  in  the  heated  months  put  ice  into 
the  water;  and  keep  the  patient  there  for  two  hours  at  a time.  Do  this 
three  or  four  times  a day.  When  out  of  a tub,  or  if  a tub  cannot  be  ob- 
tained, put  flaxseed  poultices  on  the  feet  and  keep  pouring  in  cold  water 
occasionally.  Change  the  poultice  every  twenty-four  hours.  Give  a physic — 
Aloes,  one  ounce. 

Ginger,  one  drachm.  Mix. 

Give  at  one  dose.  Also  prepare  and  give — 

Nitrate  of  Potass.,  one  ounce. 

Acetate  of  Potass.,  one-half  ounce.  Mix. 

Make  into  eight  powders  and  give  one  three  times  a day.  While  the 
fever  is  high  give  fifteen  drops  of  fluid  ext.  Aconite  every  hour  or  two  until 
the  fever  subsides.  After  the  patient  recovers  so  it  can  walk  around,  a 
little  exercise  on  soft  ground  is  beneficial;  but  too  much  exercise  is  harmful. 
Sometimes,  in  the  acute  stage,  bleeding  from  the  toe  is  very  beneficial. 
But  if  this  is  done  let  the  blood  run  freely,  though  it  is  a practice  to  which  I 
seldom  resort.  If  properly  attended  to,  a large  majority  of  cases  will  make 
complete  recovery.  After  recovery  is  assured,  shoe  carefully  and  keep  the 
feet  soft.  If  slight  lameness  remains  use  SCOTCH  OIL  around  the  coro- 
net, and  SCOTCH  HOOF  OINTMENT  on  the  hoofs  to  keep  them  soft 
and  flexible. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


S5 


Crib-Biters,  Wind-Suckers  or  Stump-Suckers. 

This  is  a habit  that  is  formed  principally  when  the  young  animal  is  cut- 
ting teeth.  It  is  caused  by  the  pain  of  cutting  and  shedding  teeth.  To  re- 
lieve itself  of  the  irritation  the  animal  catches  hold  of  the  manger  or  any 
other  object  within  reach.  After  a time  the  habit  becomes  fixed  and  when 
the  animal  catches  hold  of  the  object  a gulping  sound  is  heard.  It  is  then 
sucking  air  into  the  stomach. 

Any  irregularity  of  the  teeth  or  decayed  teeth  may  cause  a horse  to 
form  the  same  habit.  When  the  habit  is  once  formed  it  is  very  hard  to 
break  it  up.  After  the  horse  has  been  sucking  wind  for  a considerable  time 
it  causes  indigestion  and  colic.  They  are  unsafe  horses  to  own  for  they  may 
bloat  up  and  die  at  any  time. 

Tkeatment: — Various  devices  have  been  used  to  break  the  habit,  and 
sometimes  with  success.  Attend  to  the  teeth  and,  after  you  get  them  in 
good  condition,  make  a paste  of  red  pepper  and  flour  and  daub  it  on  the 
manger;  or  fasten  on  the  manger  a sheep-skin  with  the  wooly  side  out;  or 
fasten  a broad  strap  around  the  neck;  or  fasten  some  sharp  object  where  the 
horse  is  in  the  habit  of  biting.  Feed  SCOTCH  COMPOUND  to  im- 
prove the  digestion. 


Poll  Evil. 

Poll  Evil  consists  of  a swelling  or  an  abcess  just  behind  th«  ears 
upon  the  top  and  sides  of  the  neck,  and  the  irritation  extends  down  to  the 
first  two  or  three  bones  of  the  cervical  vertebras.  When  the  disease  ex- 
tends downward  to  the  bones  and  affects  the  joints  the  animal  will  carry  the 
head  and  neck  stiff. 

Treatment: — If  the  swelling  has  just  begun,  so  that  it  is  quite  notice- 
able, cut  off  the  hair  and  apply  the  following  as  a blister: 

Vaseline,  one  ounce. 

Powdered  Cantharides,  two  drachms. 

Mix,  and  apply  every  fourth  day  for  three  times  in  succession.  Then 
grease  until  well;  or  use  SCOTCH  OIL  as  directed. 

If  this  should  fail  to  scatter  the  enlargement  it  will  hasten  the  forma- 
tion of  pus.  The  swelling  should  then  be  laid  open  with  a knife.  Make  a 
bold  incision  and  cut  to  the  bottom  of  each  and  every  sinus.  Then  dress  the 
wound  with  SCOTCH  OINTMENT. 

Wash  the  sore  with  castile  soap  and  hot  water  and  apply  the  medicine 
twice  daily. 

If  there  be  any  sinuses  running  back,  put  some  Corrosive  Sublimate  down 
to  the  bottom  of  them;  then  use  the  former  remedy.  If  you  object  to  using 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


U 

the  Corrosive  Sublimate  in  the  sinus,  cut  it  down  to  the  bottom  and  continue 
to  do  so  as  long  as  the  sinuses  continue  to  form.  If  you  find  that  one  remedy 
is  failing,  try — 

Carbolic  Acid,  two  ounces. 

Listerine,  four  ounces. 

Water,  ten  ounces.  Mix. 

Apply  three  times  a day. 

It  is  good  policy  to  wash  out  thoroughly  with  castile  soap  and  hot  water 
onee  a day. 

Fistulous  Withers. 

This  disease  very  much  resembles  Poll  Evil,  only  it  is  located  upon  the 
shoulders,  as  is  also  very  obstinate  to  treat.  It  usually  comes  from  a bruise, 


FISTULOUS  WITHERS. 


from  the  saddle,  from  rolling,  or  striking  the  top  of  the  shoulders  against 
something;  for  instance,  against  the  top  of  a low  stable  or  shed. 

Treatment: — As  soon  as  noticed  apply  the  same  remedies  as  for  Poll 
Evil,  and  make  a dependent  orifice  to  allow  the  pus  to  escape,  treating  the 
orifice  as  directed  for  the  sinuses  in  Poll  Evil. 


Castration. 

There  are  various  methods  of  performing  this  operation,  but  all  tend  to 
the  same  purpose,  viz:  removing  the  testicles  and  prevent  hemorrhage. 

First  cast  the  horse  and  confine  him  closely  and  tightly,  drawing  the 
hind  feet  well  up  along  the  sides.  Have  a good  assistant  to  hold 
the  head.  Take  hold  of  the  testicle  (always  taking  the  smaller  one  first)  and 
raise  it  well  up.  Hold  it  firmly  and  make  a bold  cut  about  three  inches 
long,  close  to  the  dividing  line  of  the  testicles.  Then  take  hold  of  the  tes- 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


37 


tide  and  cut  off  the  white  membrane  at  the  back  part  of  the  testicle,  but  do 
not  cut  the  speratic  cord  or  artery.  Then,  if  the  ecraseurs  are  used,  apply 
them  and  smash  off  the  cord.  The  clamps  should  be  grooved  so  they  will 
have  a firmer  hold.  Then  cut  off  the  cord  and  testicles  about  a half  inch 
from  the  clamp.  Some  prefer  ligating,  which  is  simply  cutting  out  the  tes- 
ticle and  tying  the  cord  with  a silk  thread,  to  prevent  hemorrhage. 

If  the  testicles  are  not  down  in  the  scrotum  the  horse  is  called  a Ridge- 
ling. 

If  one  testicle  is  down  and  the  other  is  not,  the  oae  that  is  not  down 
should  be  procured  first.  In  order  to  get  it,  cast  the  horse  and  tie  his  hind 
feet  close  up  along  his  sides.  Then  roll  the  patient  upon  his  back  and  cut 
through  the  scrotum  as  if  the  testicle  was  there.  Then  oil  your  hand  and 
pass  it  up  through  the  internal  abdominal  ring,  wheie  you  will  almost  in- 
variably find  the  testicle.  Take  hold  of  it  firmly,  draw  it  out  and  castrate 
it  by  any  of  the  usual  methods. 

If  you  do  not  find  it  between  the  internal  and  external  abdominal  rings 
pass  the  hand  on  up  through  the  external  abdominal  ring  and  you  will  find 
it  if  he  has  one.  Seize  it,  draw  it  out  and  take  it  off  by  any  of  the  usual 
methods. 

My  preference  is  for  the  ecraseiir,  an  instrument  invented  by  M.  Chas- 
saignac,  of  Paris. 

Take  the  opposite  testicle  in  the  same  manner  and  the  operation  is  com- 
plete. Always  cut  well  down  toward  the  sheath  to  allow  the  pus  to  escape 
freely  and  prevent  any  unnecessary  swelling.  If  the  clamps  are  used  re- 
move them  in  twenty-four  hours  and  turn  the  horse  out  or  put  him  at  mod- 
erate work  and  he  will  do  much  better  than  if  standing  in  the  stable. 

About  the  third  day  run  your  finger  up  around  the  cord  and  break  off 
any  attachment,  so  that  it  will  not  adhere  too  low  down,  and  thus  prevent 
scirrhus  cord  from  forming. 

Be  careful  before  operating  to  examine  and  see  that  the  horse  is  not 
ruptured.  If  a rupture  should  exist  castrate  by  what  is  called  the  covered 
method,  which  consists  in  cutting  through  the  skin  only,  being  careful  not 
to  cut  through  the  tunics  or  coverings  of  the  testicle.  Then  castrate  with 
the  clamps.  Place  the  clamps  over  the  covering  of  the  testicle,  testicle  in- 
cluded, and  clamp  tightly.  Then  cut  off  the  coverings  and  testicles  together 
and  allow  the  clamps  to  stay  on  until  they  come  off  of  their  own  accord.  If 
the  bowels  should  come  out  return  them  and  stitch  up  the  internal  abdom- 
inal ring  with  cat-gut.  Then  stitch  up  the  scrotum,  leaving  a small  opening 
for  the  escape  of  pus,  and  the  operation  will  be  complete. 


Seedy  Toe. 

This  term  is  used  to  denote  an  unhealthy  condition  of  the  foot,  wherein 
the  wall  and  sole  of  the  foot  partake  of  a mealy  or  dry,  crumbling  nature, 
thus  separating  them  from  the  sensitive  lamina  of  the  Os  Pedis,  or  bone  of 


38 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


the  foot.  It  is  principally  caused  from  Laminitis,  but  sometimes  by  a large 
clip  being  fastened  to  the  front  part  of  the  shoe  and  being  hammered  down 
har  d on  the  wall  of  the  hoof.  It  may  also  be  caused  by  an  ill-fitting  shoe 
being  irregular  upon  its  bearings  upon  the  wall  and  sole  at  the  toe. 

Treatment: — Cut  out  the  diseased  parts  and  shoe  with  a bar  shoe;  and 
pad  it  in  the  crevices  to  prevent  dirt  from  getttng  in  and  accumulating. 
Applv  SCOTCH  HOOF  OINl  MENT. 


Corns. 

At  first  these  consist  of  a simple  bruise  of  the  sole  of  the  foot  and  are 
usually  found  in  the  inner  quarter  of  the  fore  foot,  they  are  sometimes 
found  in  the  outer  quarter.  Some  authors  consider  them  to  be  horny  tumors 
but  such  I could  never  find.  However,  I am  inclined  to  believe  that,  from 
the  constant  irritation,  they  are  the  cause  of  inflammation  of  the  lateral 
cartilages  and  thus  of  the  formation  of  side-bones.  Sometimes  the  corns 
suppurate  and  if  an  exit  is  not  made  for  the  puss  to  escape  by  it  will  cause  a 
bulging  of  the  coronet  and  will  break  and  discharge  there;  or  the  puss  will 
keep  burrowing  down  toward  the  toe  and  thus  separate  the  wall  from  the 
sensitive  sole.  Bad  shoeing,  or  allowing  the  shoes  to  remain  on  too  long  are 
the  principal  causes. 

Symptoms: — Heat  and  lameness  in  the  affected  foot  and  invariably 
pointing  it  forward;  heat  and  tenderness  around  the  affected  quarter;  and  a 
sulky  stumbling  gate  when  driven.  If  it  is  a suppurating  corn  the  horse 
will  scarcely  put  the  foot  to  the  ground  and,  if  it  does,  will  merely  rest  it  on 
the  toe. 

Treatment: — Take  off  the  shoe  and  pare  down  the  corn  until  the  sole, 
between  the  bar  and  the  wall,  is  compressible.  Then  place  a sponge  over 
the  corn  and  nail  on  the  shoe,  retaining  the  sponge  in  position  and  wet  two 
or  three  times  a day;  or  shoe  with  a bar  shoe  and  place  the  sponge. in 
position.  If  you  suspect  a suppurating  corn  cut  down  and  allow  the  matter 
to  escape;  then  remove  the  dead  horn  as  far  around  as  the  pus  cavity  ex- 
tends. Afterwards  apply  Compound  Tinct.  Benzoin  twice  a day  and  shoe 
with  a bar  shoe  or  a hinge  shoe,  and  apply  SCOTCH  HOOF  OINT- 
MENT as  directed. 


Thrush  and  Canker. 

The  principal  causes  of  Thrush  and  Canker  are  filth  from  standing  in 
manure  and  urine  in  the  stable,  from  poulticing  with  cow-dung,  from  wading 
around  in  a filthy  barn-yard,  from  greese-heel,  and  from  bruises  to  the  frog. 

Symptoms: — In  simple  Thrush  there  is  a foetid  discharge  from  the  cleft 
of  the  frog  and,  if  allowed  to  run  unchecked,  it  develops  into  Canker.  You 
then  have  an  aggravated  case  to  deal  with . In  connection  with  the  foetid 
discharge  there  will  be  red,  tumor-like  growths  springing  out  of  the  frog 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


39 


and  they  will  sometimes  bleed.  If  simply  cut  off  they  will  grow  very  rapidly 
and  bleed  when  cut,  with  a disinclination  to  heal.  Sometimes  these  tumors 
grow  until  they  fill  up  the  whole  bottom  of  the  foot. 

Treatment: — If  simply  a case  of  thrush,  cleanliness,  with  a few  appli- 
cations of  Friar’s  Balsam  will  generally  affect  a cure.  But  if  the  disease  ad- 
vances and  Canker  is  the  result  you  will  have  to  treat  in  a different  manner. 
Cut  down  the  tumors  that  have  formed  to  the  bottom.  Then  pencil  with 
Nitrate  of  Silver;  afterwards  apply  SCOTCH  OINTMENT  and  pad 
with  cotton  hatting  or  tow — or  apply  Tincture  Muriate  of  iron  and  the 
SCOTCH  OINTMENT  afterward.  Should  the  treatment  not  succeed 
well  you  may  apply  Butter  of  Antimony  twice  daily  and  after  each  applica- 
tion use  SCOTCH  OINTMENT  and  pad  the  foot.  In  the  meantime 
keep  in  a dry  place  and  put  the  blood  in  good  condition  by  giving 
SCOTCH  COMPOUND  and  you  will  thoroughly  cleanse  the  whole 
system. 

Pricks  From  Nails. 

This  is  of  frequent  occurrence  from  the  carelessness  of  the  horse-shoer 
or  from  the  nails  splittiag  while  being  driven;  also  from  horses  picking  up 
nails  while  being  driven  or  while  running  at  large — more  frequently  from 
the  latter  than  from  the  former. 

Symptoms: — Lameness,  heat  and  tenderness  in  the  foot  affected.  If  a 
nail  be  withdrawn  and  the  owner  not  informed,  the  patient  in  a few  days 
may  be  very  lame  and  suppuration  may  take  place  before  the  real  cause  is 
found  out;  and  there  will  be  heat  and  tenderness  present.  By  tapping  the 
foot  with  a hammer,  you  may  find  the  exact  pi  ace.  Or,  if  the  nail  is  driven 
close  enough  to  press  the  sensitive  laminae,  the  patient  may  not  go  lame  for 
a few  days.  Then  it  will  be  very  lame,  frequently  holding  the  foot  from  the 
ground  or  merely  resting  it  upon  toe  toe.  By  tapping  the  foot  with  the 
hammer  you  will  discover  the  spot  when  you  hit  the  nail  that  is  pressing. 
Or,  if  the  patient  has  picked  up  a nail  and  goes  lame,  by  examining  the  foot 
you  will  find  either  the  nail  penetrating  the  foot  or  the  place  whence  it  was 
withdrawn. 

Treatment: — If  from  a split  nail  or  one  driven  too  close,  draw  it  out 
and  poultice  the  foot  for  a few  days  with  ground  fiaxseed;  a cure  will  usually 
be  effected.  But  if  it  suppurates,  make  an  opening  and  allow  the  pus  to 
escape,  and  treat  as  a suppurating  corn  (see  corns).  If  the  patient  has  picked 
up  a rusty  nail  and  you  have  withdrawn  it,  cut  a hole  into  the  bottom  of  the 
foot  V here  the  nail  entered  about  the  size  of  a nickel.  Then  poultice  for  a 
day  or  two  and  apply  Friar’s  Balsam  to  the  wound.  If  suppuration  has 
taken  place,  remove  all  loose  or  dead  tissues  and  wash  out  thoroughly  with 
castile  soap  and  hot  water.  Then  dry  it  out  and  apply  SCOTCH  OINT- 
MENT, and  protect  the  foot  from  dirt  or  filth.  It  is  sometimes  necessary 
to  remove  all  of  the  frog  and  sometimes  the  sole.  Be  very  careful  if  the 
horse  has  picked  up  a rusty  nail,  as  Tetanus,  or  Lock-jaw  frequently  occurs. 


40 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Quitter. 

The  most  frequent  causes  of  Quittor  are  horses  calking  themselves  and 
catching  cold;  suppurating  corns;  pricks  from  nails;  bruises;  gravel  work- 
ing up  through  the  feet;  disease  of  the  lateral  cartileges;  also  quarter 
cracks,  etc.,  etc. 

Symptoms: — First  a tender  swelling  around  the  coronet,  bursting 
after  awhile  and  discharging  a whitish  fluid.  By  probing  you  will  find 
fistulous  openings  running  down  into  the  foot  in  different  directions. 

Treatment: — If  much  inflammation  exists  and  a visible  bulging  of  the 
coronet,  lance  it  and  apply  flaxseed  poultice  for  a few  days  Then  into  each 
sinus  inject  twice  daily  the  following: 

Zinc  Sulphate,  one  dram. 

Sulphate  of  Copper,  one  dram. 

Water,  four  ounces.  Mix. 

After  you  have  followed  this  up  for  about  a week,  and  the  foot  is  almost 
healed,  stop  the  injections  and  apply  SCOTCH  OINTMENT  twice 
daily  until  a cure  is  effected.  If  the  disease  affects  the  lateral  cartileges,  or 
if  side-bones  are  formed  and  they  are  affected,  they  may  have  to  be  removed. 


Sand  Cracks. 

Sand  Cracks  or  Quarter  Cracks  most  frequently  comes  from  concussion; 
or  from  driving  at  a high  rate  of  speed  over  rough  roads  horses  whose  feet 
have  weak  walls,  or  whose  feet  have  been  weakened  by  rasping;  also,  from 


QUARTER  CRACK. 


ill-fitting  shoes  with  uneven  bearings.  The  cracks  invariably  begin  at  the 
coronet  and  extend  downward,  sometimes  into  the  quick,  causing  lameness 
and  bleeding.  Sometimes  fungus  growths  will  spring  out  of  the  crack  near 
the  coronet. 


41 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY.v 

\ Treatment: — If  Sand  Crack  appear  in  a strong  footed  horse  I would 
adwse  clinching  with  a nail,  or  clasp  to  hold  the  wall  firmly  together.  But 
if  in  a weak  footed  horse,  as  it  almost  invariably  is,  commence  at  the  coro- 
net and  out  the  edges  of  the  crack  its  full  length  so  they  will  not  rub  to- 
gether. Then  cut  transversely  (crosswise)  at  the  coronet  about  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  to  each  side  of  the  crack  and  apply  a bar  shoe  with  even 
pressure  all  around.  If  the  quarter  is  cracked  all  the  way  down  to  the  shoe 
you  may  take  the  bearing  off  from  that  quarter.  If  a fungus  growth  springs 
out  cut  it  off  and  touch  with  Nitrate  of  Silver.  While  the  crack  is  growing 
apply  SCOTCH  HOOF  OINTMENT  twice  daily. 


Navicular  Diseases,  or  Coffin  Joint  Lameness. 

The  disease  consists  in  inflammation  and  alteration  of  the  structures 
entering  into  the  formation  of  the  coffin  joint.  It  is  generally  seen  in  horses 
that  are  used  as  roadsters  or  on  the  track.  It  may  be  caused  by  hard  driv- 
ing; picking  up  nails;  by  nails  being  driven  into  the  quick  near  the  coffin 


NAVICULAR  BONE  DISEASED. 


joint:  by  bad  shoeing,  as  uneven  bearings,  or  contraction  at  the  heel:  by 
wearing  the  shoes  too  long  and  too  much  pressure  upon  the  soles;  by  gravel 
working  into  the  foot;  by  strain  of  the  flexor  tendon  where  it  passes  over 
the  joint;  also  by  concussions,  bruises,  or  by  standing  too  long  in  the  stable. 


NAVICULAR  BONE  HEALTHY. 


Symptoms:— Pointing  of  one  or  both  fore  feet;  if  one  foot  only  be 
affected  it  will  be  held  in  front  of  the  othep  and  rest  only  upon  the  toe;  if 
both  are  affected  the  animal  will  change  from  one  foot  to  the  other  and  point 
alternately.  There  will  be  an  inclination  to  stumble  when  first  driven,  but 
as  the  animal  is  warmed  up  it  will  travel  much  better.  The  animal  travels 
with  a stumbling  gait,  the  front  part  of  the  shoes  being  worn  down  when  the 


42 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


heels  of  the  shoes  will  be  almost  as  good  as  new.  This  may  go  on  for  some 
time  before  the  lameness  becomes  a prominent  symptom.  Afterwards  will 
be  fever  in  heels  with  more  or  less  contraction  of  the  hoofs  at  the  heels  and 
a dryness  throughout  the  foot,  with  lameness  now  as  a prominent  symptom. 

Treatment: — When  first  noticed  take  off  the  shoes  and  turn  the  horse 
out  to  pasture  on  swampy  ground;  or  fix  up  a stall  with  a clay  floor,  softened 
with  water,  and  keep  the  patient  standing  there  through  the  day.  During 
the  night  poultice  the  feet  with  flaxseed  till  you  reduce  the  fever;  then  you 
may  insert  a frog  seaton;  or  blister  around  the  Coronet  with  SCOTCH 
OIL  three  times  a day.  The  treatment  of  Navicular  Disease  is  generally 
unsatisfactory;  hut,  if  the  foregoing  fails.  Neurotomy  is  the  final  resort. 
This  may  be  performed  either  by  the  high  or  low  operation.  The  high 
operation  consists  in  cutting  out  a piece  of  the  Planter  Nerve,  just  below  the 
knee.  The  lower  operation  is  cutting  out  a piece  of  the  Planter  Nerve,  at 
the  pastern,  between  the  fetlock  and  the  foot.  As  the  nervous  communica- 
tion is  cut  off  the  lameness  ceases,  although  the  disease  continues  unabated. 
Nevertheless,  to  say  the  least,  it  is  a humane  operation. 


Curb,  or  Sprain  of  the  Calcaneo  Cuboid  Ligament. 

This  disease  is  always  seen  at  the  posterior  aspect  of  the  hock  and  con- 
sists of  a sprain  of  the  Calcaneo  Cuboid  Ligament.  It  is  generally  caused 
by  horses  jumping  and  rearing;  by  hacking  up  violently;  or  by  slipping.  It 


CURB,  OR  SPRAIN  OF  THE  CALCANEO  CUBOID  LIGAMENT. 

sometimes  appears  as  a small,  very  hard  nodule;  or  it  may  be  very  large  and 
soft,  with  heat  and  tenderness,  and  more  or  less  lameness.  The  lameness 
does  not  depend  upon  the  size  of  the  curb..  Sometimes  the  curb  is  very  large 
with  no  lameness;  at  other  times  it  is  very  small  with  considerable  lame- 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


43 


ness  present.  Sometimes  it  is  congenital,  and  in  such  cases  it  is  not  an 
unsoundness.  It  is  best  observed  by  standing  over  it  and  looking  straight 
down  the  bind  leg  from  the  point  of  the  hock  to  the  fetlock,  when  you  will 
observe  the  enlargement  about  three  or  four  inches  down  from  the  point  of 
the  hock. 

Treatment: — First  and  foremost— rest.  Apply  high-heeled  shoes,  hot 
fomentations  and  use  SCOTCH  OIL  LINIMENT. 


Capped  Hock. 

This  consists  of  a serous  abscess,  situated  on  the  point  of  the  hock, 
between  the  skin  and  the  Gastrocnemius  Internus,  in  areolar  tissue.  It  is 
generally  caused  by  the  horse  kicking  the  point  of  the  hock  against  some 
hard  substance,  or  by  bruises  on  the  point  of  the  hock.  The  size  varies  from 


CAPPED  HOCK. 

that  of  a walnut  to  that  of  a good  large  bowl.  The  abscess  is  soft  and  fluc- 
tuating. It  seldom  causes  any  lameness,  but  in  rare  instances  it  does. 

Treatment: — First  of  all  prevent  the  cause,  if  from  kicking  in  the 
stable  which  it  generally  is,  change  the  patient  to  a stall  where  it  cannot 
injure  itself.  Then  apply  high-heeled  shoes,  and  foment  with  hot  water 
until  the  inflammation  subsides.  Then  open  with  a lancet  from  below  and 
allow  the  serum  to  escape.  Afterwards  inject  Tincture  of  Iodine  into  the 
sack  and  apply  a cold  bandage;  if  thought  necessary  repeat  in  two  or  three 
days.  If  it  heals  up  and  there  is  no  serum  accumulating,  but  just  a slight 
thickening  of  the  parts,  apply — 

Rectified  Spirits,  four  ounces. 

Tinct.  Iodine,  one  and  one-half  ounces. 

Witch  Hazel,  two  and  one-half  ounces.  Mix. 


44 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Foment  with  hot  water  and  apply  the  liniment  twice  daily;  or  apply 
SCOTCH  OIL  as  directed,  which  is  better. 


Sidebones. 


This  consists  in  solidification  or  ossification  of  the  lateral  cartileges; 
situated  on  either  side  of  the  foot  just  above  the  heel.  It  may  be  caused  by 
shoeing  with  too  high  calks;  by  pricks  of  nails;  by  corns;  by  uneven  shoeing; 
by  cutting  away  the  bars  of  the  foot;  by  bruises  to  the  heels  or  soles  of  the 
feet,  causing  a deep  irritation  or  inflammation. 


Symptoms: — Lameness,  with  short,  stilty  gait  and  a want  of  elasticity 
in  movement.  On  pressing  upon  the  cartilage  on  either  side  of  the  heel  you 
will  find  it  hard  and  unyielding,  instead  of  soft  and  pliable;  and  the  pressure 
will  cause  pain.  Sidebones  are  almost  always  found  in  the  heavy  breed  of 
horses.  Whether  in  heavy  or  light  horses  it  is  considered  an  unsoundness. 


Treatment: — The  treatment  consists  in  absolute  rest,  and  shoeing  with  1 
a bar  shoe.  If  lameness  continues  blister  with  SCOTCH  OIL.  If  this 
fail  perform  Neurotomy  by  cutting  out  the  Plan! or  Nerve. 

Thorough  Pin. 

This  is  a disease  of  the  sheath  of  the  Flexor  Perforans  Tendons,  and  is 
usually  caused  by  a sprain.  It  sometimes  causes  considerable  lameness;  at 


THOROUGH  PIN. 

other  times  the  lameness  will  be  very  slight,  and,  possibly,  none  at  all.  This 
tendon  plays  down  the  back  part  of  the  hock  to  the  inside  of  the  Os  Calsis 
or  point  of  the  hock,  and  any  sprain  or  irritation  may  cause  an  extra  secre- 
tion within  the  sheath  of  the  tendon  and  a bulging  out  on  each  side  of  the 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


45 


back  part  of  the  hock,  in  the  hollow  or  gambrel  space.  It  is  usually  a soft, 
fluctuating  tumor  and  if  pressed  on  one  side  will  cause  a greater  enlarge- 
ment on  the  other  side. 

Treatment: — If  there  is  lameness  give  absolute  rest  and  apply  hot 
fomentations  for  a few  days.  Then  blister  with — 

Vaseline,  one  ounce. 

Cantharides,  one  drachm. 

Bin.  Iodide  Mercury,  one-half  drachm.  Mix. 

Use  morning  and  evening;  or  use  SCOTCH  OIL  according  to  direc- 
tions. After  the  lameness  has  subsided  leave  it  alone  unless  it  be  a valuable 
horse.  Then,  if  the  swelling  is  great  open  it  and  allow  the  fluid  to  escape, 
afterwards  injecting  Tincture  of  Iodine  into  the  sack  until  you  are  satisfied 
the  sack  is  destroyed.  Then  keep  cold  water  running  over  the  hock  or 
apply  a sponge  on  either  side  of  the  hock  and  keep  it  wet  with  cold  water  to 
keep  control  of  the  swelling,  and  keep  this  up  until  the  swelling  subsides. 
Immediately  after  opening  give  physic — 

Aloes,  one  ounce. 

Ginger,  one  drachm.  Mix. 

Give  at  one  dose.  Feed  on  soft  feed  and  give  SCOTCH  COM- 
POUND three  times  a day . It  will  take  about  three  months  to  effect  a 
cure.  If  the  limb  swells  much  and  the  patient  does  not  lie  down  place  slings 
under  it  to  give  rest  and  relieve  the  other  leg. 


Incised  and  Contused  Wounds. 

An  incised  wound  is  the  result  of  a cut  from  any  sharp  instrument.  If 
an  artery  or  vein  be  cut  it  should  be  taken  up  and  tied.  Then  wash  out  any 
dirt  that  may  have  accumulated  and  bring  the  edges  of  the  wound  together, 
and  fasten  with  stitches.  This  may  be  done  by  using  a curved  needle  and 
white  linen  or  silk  thread,  or  catgut  sutures  The  best  mode  is  by  the  in- 
terrupted suture;  viz.:  by  taking  stitches  one-half  to  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  apart,  tying  a knot  at  each  stitch  and  cutting  the  ends  about  one-half 
inch  long.  Then  use  SCOTCH  OINTMENT  two  or  three  times  a day. 
Should  the  stitch  break  out  the  wound  will  heal  by  granulation.  When 
this  occurs  bathe  with  tepid  water  and  castile  soap,  then  apply  SCOTCH 
OINTMENT  twice  daily. 

Contused  wounds  are  those  where  the  tissues  are  bruised  or  torn,  and 
always  require  a careful  and  thorough  examination,  for  fear  some  foreign 
body  may  be  lodged  deeply  within  them.  This,  if  not  removed,  will  be  a 
constant  source  of  irritation  and  thus  prevent  the  wound  from  healing. 
After  all  foreign  boaies  are  removed  wash  out  thoroughly  and  stitch  the 
edges  of  the  wound  together  as  best  you  can.  As  these  wounds  always  heal 
by  granulation  begin  at  once  to  use  SCOTCH  OINTMENT  two  or 
three  times  daily.  Occasionally  an  enlargement  or  inflammatory  exudation 


46 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


is  thrown  out,  sometimes  called  ‘‘proud  flesh.”  When  this  happens  touch 
every  third  day  with  Nitrate  of  Silver  until  it  disappears,  then  use  SCOT C H 
OINTMENT.  If  any  portion  of  the  skin  becomes  detached  or  fails  to  heal 
up  cut  it  off  with  a knife . 


Parrot  Mouth. 

This  is  a peculiar  condition  of  the  mouth,  where  the  upper  jaw  is  much 
longer  than  the  lower.  Consequently  the  upper  and  lower  incisors  fail  to 
meet  and  the  upper  incisors  grow  down  to  an  enormous  length.  The  incissor 


PARROT  MOUTH 

of  the  jaw  also  grow  to  such  a length  that  they  press  upon  the  bars  of  the 
roof  of  the  mouth,  sometimes  to  such  an  extent  as  to  injure  the  horse.  In 
such  cases  the  teeth  must  be  filed  or  rasped  down.  Parrot  mouth  is  a great 
inconvenience,  as  the  animal  cannot  graze;  it  will,  however,  do  well  when 
in  the  stable. 


Irregularities  of  the  Teeth. 

Sometimes  from  various  causes  the  teeth  of  a horse  become  very  irregu- 
lar. I have  seen  the  molar  teeth  of  a horse  serrated  like  the  teeth  of  a saw, 
so  that  they  fitted  nicely  together.  Such  animals  could  not  grind  their 
hay,  and  had  to  be  fed  altogether  on  soft  feed.  The  upper  jaw  is  always  a 
little  wider  than  the  other,  just  enough  to  fetch  the  molers  nicely  together. 
But  sometimes  the  upper  jaw  is  so  wide  that  the  teeth  do  not  come  together, 
consequently  there  is  an  irregular  growth.  At  other  times  the  surface  of 
one  tooth  is  harder  than  that  of  its  fellow  on  the  opposite  jaw;  the  result  is 
that  one  tooth  grows  long  and  its  opposite  is  worn  away.  I remember  seeing 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


4T 


a horse  six  years  old,  belonging  to  a Mr.  Butler,  near  Spencerville,  Indiana, 
almost  dead  from  starvation,  though  it  had  plenty  of  hay  and  grain  in  the 
manger.  The  cause  was  irregular  teeth.  The  horse  was  so  poor  that  it 
could  not  stand,  and  so  weak  that  it  could  not  raise  its-head,  and  was  in  fact, 
dying  when  I put  it  out  of  its  misery.  Had  I seen  the  horse  before  it  be- 
came so  weak  as  to  be  unable  to  stand  an  operation  on  its  teeth  or  to  eat 
afterwards,  it  might  have  been  saved.  Horses  also  suffer  from  ulceration  of 
the  teeth. 

Carries  of  the  Teeth. 

Carries  of  the  teeth  is  generally  caused  by  blows;  by  biting  hard  sub- 
stances, such  as  nails;  or  from  food  becoming  lodged  between  the  teeth,  or 
between  the  cheeks  and  teeth;  by  an  excessive  flow  from  the  mouth  of  a 
saliva,  very  ropy  in  consistency;  by  intense  pain,  exhibited  when  the  tooth 
is  struck  by  an  instrument;  by  redness  and  swelling  of  the  gums;  by  dropping 
of  half-chewed  food  from  the  mouth;  by  the  presence  of  whole  grain  in  the 
manure.  Other  symptoms  are  unthrifty  appearance  of  the  animal;  rough 
starring  coat;  weakness  and  emaciation,  with  profuse  sweating  on  very  little 
exercise;  swelling  of  the  jaw.  If  in  the  upper  molar  there  frequently  will  be 
a foetid  discharge  from  the  nostril  on  the  affected  side.  If  in  the  lower 
molar,  there  may  be,  in  connection  with  the  swelling,  a fistual  of  the  lower 
jaw. 

Treatment: — The  best  mode  of  treatment  is  to  turpentine  the  jaw,  just 
above  the  fangs  of  the  tooth,  and  punch  the  latter  out.  The  punch  should 
be  not  less  than  a quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Place  the  punch  on  the 
fangs  of  the  tooth  and  hit  it  a few  taps  with  a hammer,  when  the  tooth  will 
drop  out;  or  you  may  take  a pair  of  forceps  and  extract  the  tooth;  this  is 
generally  a difficult  operation,  as  they  are  not  only  hard  to  extract,  but 
frequently  break  off.  The  after  treatment  consists  in  feeding  soft  food  for  a 
few  days  and  washing  out  the  cavity  with  a thirty  per  cent,  solution  of  car- 
bolic acid  twice  a day. 

Wolf,  or  Supernumerary  Teeth. 

Supernumerary  teeth,  more  frequently  called  “wolf  teeth,”  are  frequent- 
ly seen  just  in  front  of  the  molars  in  either  the  upper  or  lower  jaw.  They 
are  small,  conical  shaped  teeth  and  of  little  or  no  importance,  whatever, 
except  where  they  grow  to  a sufficient  length  to  disturb  the  horse  while  eat- 
ing. Many  persons  labor  under  the  mistaken  idea  that  “wolf  teeth”  causes 
blindness  in  horses.  This  can  hardly  be  the  case.  But  horses  having  hered- 
itary opthalmia,  or  which  are  otherwise  prone  to  weakness  of  the  eyes,  may 
be  greatly  disturbed  during  dentition  fever;  and  after  such  fever  is  abated 
all  symptoms  of  opthalmia  disappear;  and  the  credit  is  erroneously  given  to 
the  extraction  of  the  “wolf  teeth.”  But  when  called  upon  to  extract  do  so 
for  the  price  and  for  the  owner’s  consolation — but  not  for  any  great  benefit 
to  the  animal. 


48 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Nasal  Gleet,  or  Ozoena. 

Nasal  Gleet  consists  of  a suppurative  inflammation  of  the  lining  mem- 
brane (Schneiderian  membrane)  of  the  nostrils  and  of  the  sinuses  in  the 
bones  of  the  front  part  of  the  face.  It  is  sometimes  conflned  to  the  nostrils 
alone,  but  more  frequently  the  sinuses  are  also  affected.  The  principal  cause 
is  a catarrhal  inflammation  of  the  membrane,  but  it  may  also  arise  from 
ulcerated  teeth.*  It  may  also  be  caused  by  injuries  to  the  face;  enlargement 
of  the  fangs  of  the  teeth;  abscesses  forming  in  the  sinuses;  disease  of  the 
facial  bone;  or  the  lodging  of  foreign  bodies  in  the  nostrils. 

Symptoms: — A constant  discharge  from  the  nostrils  or  more  frequently 
from  one  nostril,  as  one  side  of  the  head  alone  is  more  frequently  affected. 
This  discharge  is  of  a bluish  white  color  and  tenacions,  very  much  resem- 
bling the  discharge  of  glanders.  But  the  glanderous  ulcerations  are  absent, 
although  abrasions  or  excorations  of  the  membrane  are  present,  owing  to 
their  irritating  influence  of  the  discharge.  The  sub-maxilliary  may  be 
enlarged  and  if  adherent  to  the  jaw,  should  be  looked  upon  with  suspicion. 
Heat  over  the  sinuses  will  generally  be  observed  and  sometimes  a bulging 
out  in  their  locality.  Percussion  on  the  side  affected  will  produce  a dull 
sound  compared  to  that  given  by  its  fellow  on  the  opposite  side.  This  dis- 
charge is  sometimes  very  offensive  and  when  that  is  the  case  the  teeth 
should  be  examined  thoroughly,  as  it  is  indicative  of  the  disease  of  the  fangs. 

Treatment: — When  the  lining  membrane  of  the  nostril  alone  is  affected 
throw  a spray  up  the  nostrils,  of  a five  per  cent,  solution  of  Listerine,  and 
administer  internally  of — 

Sulphate  of  Copper,  one  ounce. 

Nux  Vomica,  one  ounce. 

Iodide  of  Potass.,  one  ounce.  Mix. 

Make  into  twelve  powders  and  give  one  morning  and  evening.  This 
will  often  effect  a cure.  But  if  the  sinuses  are  affected  and  pus  is  contained 
therein,  trephine  the  sinuses  and  evacuate  all  the  pus.  Then  wash  out 
thoroughly  with  a five  per  cent,  solution  of  Listerine  twice  daily.  Also 
throw  up  the  nostril  a spray  of  the  same  solution.  If  there  is  any  diseased 
bone,  or  if  there  are  any  foreign  bodies  they  must  be  removed.  Prom  one 
horse  on  which  I operated,  belonging  to  Edward  Hoppel,  near  Eel  River, 
Allen  Co.,  Ind.,  I removed  a stick  two  inches  long  and  half  an  inch  thick, 
that  was  lodged  in  the  sinus.  Alter  its  removal  with  the  above  treatment  a 
complete  cure  was  effected.  If  the  bones  are  affected,  syringe  the  cavity  with — 

Hydro-Chloric  Acid,  one  drachm. 

Distilled  Water,  ten  ounces. 

Use  every  day  for  a week,  and  give  SCOTCH  COMPOUND.  It 
will  give  good  results,  as  it  is  a most  excellent  tonic. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


49 


Bone  Spavin. 

Bone  Spavin  consists  of  an  irritation  sufficient  to  cause  inflammation  of 
the  bones  of  the  hock  joint.  When  the  inflammation  exists  between  the 
bones,  producing  lameness,  but  without  any  osseous  deposit  thrown  out  to 
form  an  enlargement,  it  is  called  Occult  Spavin.  But  when  there  is  an  exu- 
dation of  bony  deposit  thrown  out,  causing  an  enlargement  on  either  the 
inner  or  outer  aspect  of  the  hock  and  inducing  lameness,  it  is  called  a Bone 
Spavin.  This  may  occur  from  various  causes,  but  in  the  majority  of  cases 
it  is  the  result  of  a wrench  or  sprain.  Still  I am  inclined  to  believe  in  the 
hereditary  tendency  to  spavin.  Whether  it  be  in  the  peculiar  conformation 
of  the  hock,  which  is  marked  and  transmitted  by  certain  sires,  or  if  it  be 
an  ossiflc  diathesis  in  the  blood,  I am  unable  to  tell.  But  I have  seen  a colt 


not  to  exceed  three  months  old  with  well-defined  ringbones  and  spavins 
causing  lameness,  without  any  apparent  reason  therefor.  And  I could  not 
attribute  it  to  over-growth,  with  the  consequent  extra  amount  of  weight  to 
carry,  for,  in  the  majority  of  cases  coming  under  my  observation,  it  hap- 
pened in  small  breeds  of  horses  and  the  colts  were  only  in  moderately  good 
condition.  Sometimes  a small  bony  enlargement  is  situated  at  the  internal 
aspect  of  the  hock.  It  is  called  Jack  Spavin  and  seldom  does  very  much 
harm,  merely  serving  as  an  eye  sore.  A horse  with  Jack  Spavin  should  not 
be  considered  unsound,  as  lameness  very  seldom  results  therefrom.  The 
symptoms  of  spasm  are  lameness  of  a peculiar  character.'^  i*.  The  animal,  when 
first  driven  after  rest,  will  walk  on  the  toe  of  the  affected  limb,  with  the 
fetlock  bent  forward  and  with  a hopping  movement  of  the  hind  parts.  After 
driving  a short  distance  it  improves  very  much  in  its  gait ; the  lameness 
diminishes  and  sometimes  after  the  animal  is  driven  some  distance,  the  lame- 


oO 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


ness  disappears  altogether.  In  other  cases,  after  driving,  the  lameness  will 
diminish  but  still  be  quite  perceptible.  If  in  the  stable  the  animal  is  made 
to  turn  round  in  the  stall  it  does  so  with  a stumbling  hopping  movement. 
On  very  forcibly  flexing  the  leg  at  the  hock,  then  dropping  the  foot  and 
starting  the  horse  on  a trot,  it  will  often  go  off  on  three  legs.  By  sitting  in 
front  of  the  horse  and  looking  between  the  front  legs  toward  the  hock  you 
will  perceive  the  enlargement,  if  there  be  any.  By  holding  the  hand  over 
the  antero-internal  part  of  the  hock,  you  will  invariably  detect  fever. 


BONE  SPAVIN. 


Treatment  : — Various  methods  of  treatment  are  used  for  spavin,  but 
one  very  essential  thing,  and  one  upon  which  all  must  agree,  is  that  the 
animal  must  have  absolute  quiet  and  rest.  If  the  spavin  be  just  started  mild 
counter  irritation  will  often  effect  a cure,  and  by  applying  SCOTCH  OIL 
you  will  accomplish  the  object,  in  from  one  to  three  months.  If  the  lame- 
ness does  not  cease  in  that  time  apply 
Vaseline,  one  ounce. 

Bin  Iodide  Mercury,  one  dram. 

Powdered  Cantharides,  one  dram.  Mix. 

Apply  thoroughly;  wash  off  in  twenty-four  hours  and  grease  with  fresh 
lard  or  oil  every  day  for  flve  days.  Then  apply  the  foregoing  prescription 
again,  wash  off  as  before  and  continue  this  treatment  for  three  applications. 
Give  the  horse  complete  rest  and  tie  it  while  the  medicine  is  on  so  it  cannot 
bite  or  rub  the  place.  In  the  course  of  five  weeks,  if  this  fails,  apply  the 
actual  cautery  (firing  irons)  g-nd  immediately  afterward  apply  the  before 
mentioned  salve  as  directed.  If  it  be  an  occult  spavin  or  if  the  true  hock 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


51 


joint,  that  is  the  large  Cuneiform  and  Astragalus  bones  are  affected  a failure 
to  cure  is  almost  certain  and  the  animal  remains  lame  as  long  as  it  lives 
The  sole  object  in  the  treatment  of  bone  spavin  is  to  prevent  the  horse  from 


SPAVIN  BONE  FIRED. 

going  lame,  and  this  is  accomplished  only  when  the  inflammation  exists 
between  the  Cuneiform  and  Metatarsal  bones,  and  you  establish  comph  te 
union  between  those  bones,  thus  preventing  the  irritation  from  their  gliding 
motion. 


Bog  Spavin. 

This  sometimes  consists  of  an  inflammation  of  the  hock  joint,  but  not 
always.  I have  seen  bog  spavin  gradually  developing  upon  horses  without 
the  existence  of  any  perceptible  inflammation.  This  kind  is  generally  found 
in  horses  which  have  weak  or  very  upright  hocks.  It  consists  of  a fluctuating 
swelling,  situated  at  the  antero  internal  and  upper  part  of  the  hock,  and 
composed  of  synovia  or  joint  oil.  It  is  nature’s  remedy  to  prevent  disease 
by  having  an  abundance  of  oil  to  lubricate  the  joint  during  work  or  violent 
exercise.  This  should  be  considered  merely  a blemish  and  not  a disease. 
But  when  it  is  caused  by  over-work,  sprains  or  wounds  it  is  considered  to  be 
more  serious.  It  is  then  accompanied  by  heat  and  lameness,  varying  in 
their  intensity.  When  bog  spavin  occurs  from  these  causes  or  from  rheu- 
matic trouble  absolute  rest  should  be  given,  and  the  part  fomented  with  hot 
water  three  times  a day  for  a few  days.  Then  apply  SCOTCH  OIL 
according  to  directions,  or  the  following  blister  : 

Vaseline,  one  ounce. 

Bin  Iodide  of  Mercury,  one  dram. 

Powdesed  Cantharides,  one  dram.  Mix. 


52 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


After  the  lameness  ceases  stop  treatm*^nt  and  allow  nature  to  take  its 
course,  Sometimes  bog*  spavin  causes  thorough-pin,  and  when  this  is  the 
case  treat  as  for  bog  spavin  alone. 


BOG  SPAVIN. 


Stifle-Joint  Lameness  and  Dislocation  of  the  Patella. 

Stifle  joint  lameness  is  usually  detected  by  the  manner  in  which  the 
horse  brings  the  foot  forward,  which  is  done  with  difficulty,  the  leg  swinging 
outward  with  a circular  motion  and  dragging  the  toe  (although  they  do  not 
always  drag  the  toe).  The  foot  is  sometimes  raised  clear  off  the  ground  but 


STIFLE- JOINT  LAMENESS. 

with  the  circular  motion  and  placed  flat  on  the  ground.  Whilst  the  animal 
is  at  rest  the  leg  is  usually  in  a semi-flexed  position.  Heat  around  the  stifle 
joint  is  quite  a prominent  symptom,  but  is  sometimes  wanting.  Sometimes 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


53 


wanting.  Sometimes  quite  a prominent  symptom  is  a fluctuating  swelling 
or  dropsy  of  the  joint.  If  you  have  dislocation  of  the  Patella,  or  what  is 
more  commonly  called  “stifle  joint,”  you  will  observe  that  while  the  horse 
is  standing  in  the  stall  it  may  stand  squarely  upon  both  feet;  but,  if  you 
force  it  to  walk  the  stifled  leg  will  fly  backward  acd  the  animal  is  powerless 
to  bring  it  forward.  If  you  examine  the  joint  you  will  find  the  Patella  on 
the  outer  side  of  the  leg  and  the  groove  in  the  femur  may  he  felt  quite 
plainly. 

Treatment: — When  lameness  is  present  in  the  stifle-joint,  without  dis- 
location, give  absolute  rest  and  apply  hot  fomentations  of  water  three  or 
four  times  a day,  to  allay  the  inflammation.  Then  apply  SCOTCH  OIL 
three  or  four  times  daily  until  you  blister  thoroughly.  Then  allow  to  rest 
for  three  or  four  days  and  repeat  several  times  in  this  manner.  If  the 
patella  is  dislocated  fasten  a rope  or  strap  around  the  fetlock,  then  pass  it 
through  the  collar  and  draw  the  leg  forward;  no  matter  if  the  patient 
struggles  hard,  force  it  forward.  Then  place  your  hand  behind  the  bone, 
which  will  be  felt  at  the  outside  of  the  leg,  and  force  it  forward,  when  you 
will  feel  it  drop  into  place  and  the  patient  will  have  full  control  of  the  leg. 
Apply  SCOTCH  OIL  three  or  four  times  a day  for  two  or  three  days, 
allow  the  patient  to  rest  for  a week  and  all  will  be  well.  If  the  patient 
kicks  it  out  or  it  drops  out  of  its  own  accord  immediately  after  you  have 
placed  it  in  position,  you  must  apply  SCOTCH  OIL  until  it  blisters 
thoroughly  and  the  swelling  will  force  it  into  position  and  strengthen  the 
ligaments  that  have  been  relaxed.  Then  allow  a longer  rest  than  would 
ordinarily  bq  required. 


Ringbone. 

Ringbone  very  much  resembles  spavin,  except  in  location.  Ringbone 
consists  of  an  osseous  deposit  upon  the  upper  and  lower  pastern-bones. 
When  the  deposit  is  around  the  middle  of  the  large  pastern  and  not  involv- 
ing the  joint  it  is  called  an  osselet  or  false  ringbone  and  is  seldom  the  cause 
of  lameness  ; it  should  not  be  looked  upon  as  an  unsoundness,  as  it  calls  for 
no  treatment  whatever.  True  ringbone  acts  very  differently  from  the  false 
and  occasions  more  or  less  lameness.  It  may  affect  two  very  important  artic- 
ulations, viz.,  the  articulation  between  the  large  and  small  pastern  or  be- 
tween the  small  pastern  and  the  coffin-bone.  The  former  articulation  is  the 
one  most  frequently  affected  and  where  complete  union  is  most  easily  ob- 
tained ; here  less  stiffness  will  be  the  result  if  a cure  results  than  where  the 
lower  joint  is  diseased.  But  in  either  location  the  disease  is  difficult  to 
treat  with  any  satisfaction  and  it  is  sometimes  incurable,  the  lameness  con- 
tinuing through  life.  Sometimes  the  deposit  completely  encircles  the  joint ; 
at  others  is  on  one  side,  and  directly  in  front  of  the  joint.  The  degree  of 
lameness  does  not  depend  upon  the  size  of  the  enlargement  but  more  upon 


54 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


its  location.  If  it  is  situated  immediately  in  front  of  the  pastern,  the  lame- 
ness will  be  greater  than  when  situated  on  either  side.  The  lameness  is 


RINGBONE. 

greatest  when  the  deposit  is  between  the  lower  pastern  and  the  coffin-bone. 
When  between  these  two  bones  it  frequently  causes  a bulging  of  the  foot  and 
not  seldom  causes  the  foot  to  turn  inward,  forming  what  is  known  as  reel- 


RINGBONE 

foot.  The  lameness  of  ringbone  always  precedes  the  deposit  and  is  caused 
by  inflammation  existing  in  the  bone  or  in  the  synovial  membrane  surround- 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


55 


ing  it.  Ringbone  is  occasioned  by  sprain ; by  fractured  bon© ; and  by  the 
hereditary  tendency  referred  to  in  the  treatise  on  spavin. 

Treatment  : — When  first  noticed  there  will  be  no  enlargement  but  con- 
siderable lameness  and  fever.  Then  apply  cold  water  freely  to  allay  the  in- 
flammation and  after  bathing  apply  SCOTCH  OIL. 

Give  absolute  rest  and  if  the  patient  is  inclined  to  walk  upon  the  toe  use 
high  calks  upon  the  heel  of  the  shoe.  But  if  inclined  to  walk  upon  its  heels 
use  a thin-heeled  bar  shoe.  If  all  these  fail  Neurotomy  may  be  performed 
with  varying  success. 


Sprain  of  the  Fetlock  Joint  and  Sesamoidites. 

It  is  possible  to  have  sprain  of  the  fetlock  joint  or  its  lateral  ligaments 
with  out.  in  jury  to  the  sesamoid  bursa ; but  such  cases,  I think,  are  very  rare. 
Owing  to  the  particular  manner  in  which  the  sesamoid  bones  are  placed 
behind  the  joint,  over  which  the  flexor  perforans  tendons  play,  I am  con- 
strained to  believe  that  any  exertion  sufficient  to  cause  sprain  of  the  fetlock 
joint  will,  at  the  same  time,  produce  inflammation  of  the  sesamoid  bursa. 
A sprain  of  this  joint  will  be  detected  on  observing  inability  to  flex  the 
joint ; fever ; swelling ; pointing  of  the  foot ; and  excrutiating  pain  when 
the  joint  is  forciby  flexed.  Sometimes  the  sesamoid  bursa  will  be  greatly 
swollen,  but  not  as  a rule  ; what  swelling  is  there  will  be  very  hard  and 
unyielding. 

Treatment  : — Apply  cold  water  frequently  and  bandage,  after  which 
apply  counter-irritants,  as  SCOTCH  OIL. 

If  you  do  not  consider  it  a very  bad  sprain  apply  after  each  bath  the 
following : — 

Tincture  Iodine,  two  ounces. 

Witch  Hazel,  two  ounces. 

Alcohol,  four  ounces.  Mix. 

Then  bandage  and  give  perfect  rest. 


Sprain  of  the  Suspensory  Ligament. 

This  is  a very  large  ligament  composed  of  white  fibrous  tissue,  and 
extends  from  the  knee  in  the  fore  leg  and  from  the  hock  in  the  hind  leg 
down  the  back  part  of  the  cannon-bones.  Just  above  the  fetlock  it  divides 
and  becomes  attached  to  the  sesamoid  bones,  below  which  it  re-unites  and 
joins  the  flexors  of  the  foot.  Sprains  of  this  ligament  happen  only  through 
severe  exertions,  and  sometimes  the  strain  is  sufficient  to  cause  rupture  of 
the  ligament.  This  generally  happens  near  the  dividing  point,  just  above 
the  fetlock.  The  most  prominent  symptoms  are  lameness;  heat;  and  swell- 
ing beneath  the  flexor  tendons  and  down  behind  the  cannon-bones;  with 
swelling  of  the  leg  at  the  fetlock  joint.  If  the  ligament  is  ruptured  th© 


56 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


fetlock  will  spring  down  close  to  the  ground  and  the  toe  will  be  turned 
upward.  The  rupture  may  occur  higher  up,  or  at  the  attachment  of  the 
ligament  to  the  sesamoid  bones,  or  even  below  the  fetlock;  the  result  is  the 
same.  This  is  what  is  meant  by  the  term,  “broken  down.” 

Treatment: — Absolute  rest  in  a comfortable  box  stall,  well  bedded  to 
entice  the  patient  to  lie  down.  Bathe  with  cold  water,  after  which  apply 
bandages  and  keep  wet  with  cold  water.  After  the  fever  has  subsided  apply 
SCOTCH  OIL  to  remove  the  swelling  or  use. 

Tincture  Iodine,  two  ounces. 

Bin  Iodide  Mercury,  two  drachms. 

Tincture  Myrrh  and  Capsicum,  six  ounces.  Mix. 

Apply  three  times  a day.  If  the  ligament  is  ruptured  bandage  the  leg 
in  a set  of  splints,  so  as  to  hold  it  in  a proper  position.  Heavy  belting  makes 
a good  support  for  the  limb,  by  cutting  it  to  fit  and  packing  the  space  be- 
tween the  fetlock  joint  and  the  heel  to  form  a prop.  This  will  hold  the  limb 
in  proper  shape.  Or  put  on  a bar  shoe  and  fasten  an  iron  brace  to  it,  bend- 
it  to  fit  the  fetlock  and  extending  it  up  to  the  knee.  Pad  it  well  with  cotton 
batting  and  bandage.  After  complete  union  is  secured  remove  the  support 
and  blister  a few  times  to  remove  the  swelling.  Horses  that  have  once 
“broke  down,”  or  ruptured  the  suspensory  ligament,  should  not  be  put  on 
the  track  nor  at  heavy  pulling;  but  they  may  be  used  to  good  advantage  for 
ordinary  work,  after  a rest  of  six  or  eight  months. 

Sprain  of  the  Flexor  Tendons. 

Sprain  of  the  flexor  tendons,  like  sprain  of  the  suspensory  ligament,  is 
caused  by  heavy  pulling  and  fast  running  or  trotting;  also  by  wearing  shoes 
with  .high  toe-calds.  The  symptoms  observed  will  be  lameness;  heat  and 
swelling  at  the  back  part  of  the  leg;  and  the  peculiar  way  in  which  the 
horse  moves  the  limb,  which  is  with  a stiff,  stubby  movement;  the  toe 
touches  the  ground  first  and  the  horse  bears  most  of  its  weight  upon  it, 
seldom  bringing  the  heel  to  the  ground  during  the  first  stages.  After  it 
becomes  chronic,  or  the  more  severe  symptoms  have  subsided,  the  heels 
will  be  brought  to  the  ground,  there  will  be  a shortening  of  the  tendons  and 
a knuckling  over  of  the  fetlock  joint.  The  swelling,  which  is  a prominent 
symptom,  will  diverge  from  the  seat  of  the  sprain  and  extend  up  and  down 
the  tendon,  involving  the  thecae,  or  sheaths  of  the  tendons  to  such  a degree 
that  the  tendons  with  difficulty  pass  through  them. 

Treatment: — Shoe  the  horse  with  a bar  shoe  without  calks,  to  give  the 
shoe  an  even  pressure  when  standing.  This  will  prevent  shortening  of  the 
tendons,  which  is  likely  to  occur  with  high  heel-calks,  which  only  afford 
temporary  relief.  Apply  cold  bandages,  occasionally  pouring  on  cold  water 
until  the  fever  subsides.  Then  apply  SCOTCH  OIL.  If  shortening  of 
the  tendons  should  take  place  Tenotomy  may  be  performed  if  the  patient  is 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


57 


a young  horse,  But  if  an  old  horse  the  operation  had  better  be  let  alone. 
The  operation  is  performed  by  casting  the  horse  and  securing  it  firmly. 
Then  loosen  the  leg  to  be  operated  upon;  fasten  it  as  straight  out  as  possible 
by  a rope  or  strap  tied  to  the  fetlock.  Make  a small  incision  midway 
between  the  knee  and  the  fetlock,  the  smaller  the  incision  the  better,  Pass 
the  knife  flat-wise  beneath  the  tendons,  taking  care  to  keep  outside  the 
blood-vessels,  until  you  feel  the  knife  against  the  skin  on  the  opposite  side. 
Then  turn  the  edge  of  the  knife  towards  the  tendons  and  cut  outward  very 
slowly  until  you  have  severed  the  tendons.  Then  withdraw  the  knife.  Be 
very  careful  to  only  cut  the  skin  in  one  place,  and  that  a very  small  opening 
where  the  knife  enters.  Place  your  knee  against  the  leg  and  forcibly 
straighten  it  to  break  up  any  adhesions  which  may  have  formed.  After  the 
operation  keep  the  leg  straight  by  putting  on  a shoe  with  a high  toe-calk; 
or  fasten  a piece  of  iron  to  the  shoe  and  let  it  extend  six  inches  in  front  of 
the  foot.  If  the  toe  should  turn  up  a little  have  no  fear,  for  when  the 
tendons  grow  together  it  may  shorten  a little  too  much.  After  union  has 
taken  place  remove  the  thickening  with  a few  applications  of  SCOTCH 
OIL. 


Broken  or  Bruised  Knees. 

Whenever  you  see  a bruise  or  a scar  upon  the  knees  of  a horse,  the 
animal,  as  regards  value,  should  be  looked  upon  with  suspicion,  unless  the 
horse  has  good  free  action  and  the  bruise  is  known  to  be  purely  accidental. 


BROKEN  KNEE. 


For  a majority  of  cases  arise  from  faulty  action  of  the  fore  legs;  vertigo  or 
fits;  “speedy  cut”  or  interfering;  diseased  feet  or  navicular  disease;  over- 
reaching; or  from  bad  shoeing;  and  possibly  from  the  driver’s  awkward- 
ness. The  disease  is  more  frequently  noticed  in  the  form  of  bruises  than  as 
broken  bones. 

Treatment: — When  bruises  exist,  without  any  abrasion  of  the  skin, 
apply  cold  water  frequently,  with  dressings  of  vaseline.  Give  rest,  with 
good,  deep  bedding,  and  probably  no  other  treatment  will  be  necessary. 
But  when  the  skin  is  lacerated,  if  none  of  the  deeper  tissues  are  involved, 


58 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


wash  the  wound  well  and  bring  its  edges  together  with  heavy  court-plaster, 
leaving  an  opening  below  for  the  escape  of  pus;  give  rest  and  tie  the  horse 
up  so  it  cannot  lie  down,  to  prevent  it  from  breaking  any  of  the  adhesions 
while  flexing  the  leg.  Never  use  any  stitches,  as  any  movement  of  the 
knee  will  tend  to  tear  them  out.  Where,  besides  the  laceration  of  the  skin, 
deeper  tissues  are  inved,  so  that  the  tendons  and  synovial  membrane  are 
torn,  and  “open  joint”  is  the  result,  you  have  a more  serious  case  in  hand. 
The  wound  may  set  up  an  extensive  inflammation,  the  surrounding  parts 
become  greatly  swollen,  followed  by  so  extensive  a sloughing  of  the  parts  as 
to  expose  the  bone.  There  will  then  be  considerable  constitutional  dis- 
turbance; high  fever;  loss  of  appetite;  bowels  constipated;  difficult  voiding 
of  the  urine;  and  a foetid  discharge  from  the  wound.  It  is  then  as  serious 
as  a broken  bone,  and  the  animal  should  be  destroyed  unless  valuable  for 
breeding  purposes.  If  the  animal  is  to  be  preserved  force  the  leg  out 
straight  and  fasten,  it  with  splints  to  maintain  it  in  that  position,  leaving 
the  knee  exposed  for  treatment.  Wash  it  out  three  times  a day  with  tepid 
water  and  castile  soap  and  apply  SCOTCH  OINTMENT. 


Carpitis,  or  Inflammation  of  the  Knees. 

Inflammation  of  the  knees  may  arise  from  different  causes,  such  as  con- 
cussion, rheumatism,  sprains,  etc.  The  animal  is  observed  to  hold  the  leg 
stiff  and  to  exhibit  intense  pain  upon  either  flexion  or  extension  of  the  knee. 
If  the  animal  walks  it  will  carry  the  leg  stffly.  Sometimes  there  is  swell- 
ing of  the  knee;  at  others  there  is  perceptible  no  swelling  whatever.  If 
the  disease  exists  between  the  bones  there  will  be  no  swelling  until  an  exud- 
ation is  thrown  out,  and  when  this  happens,  a stiff  knee  is  almost  certain  to 
be  the  result. 

Treatment:— Give  complete  rest  and,  if  thought  necessary,  place  the 
patient  in  slings.  Use  applications  of  cold  water  until  the  fever  subsides; 
then  apply  a strong  blister,  as — 

Vaseline,  one  ounce. 

Bin  Iodide  Mercury,  one  drachm. 

Cantharides,  one  drachm.  Mix. 

Use  repeatedly.  If  there  is  a fluctuating  swelling  in  front  of  the  knee, 
puncture  it  and  allow  the  fluid  to  escape,  after  which  apply  a wet  bandage 
and  keep  it  wet.  Should  it  fail  to  disappear  apply  the  foregoing  blister. 

Elbow  Lameness. 

Disease  of  the  elbow  is -not  an  unfrequent  occurrence. 

Symptoms: — While  standing  the  horse  holds  its  leg  in  a peculiar  man- 
ner— carried  well  back,  the- leg  flexed  and  resting  upon  the  toe.  In  walking 
the  limb  is  brought  forward  with  difficulty  and  when  putting  it  to  the 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


59 


ground  to  make  the  step,  the  patient  drops  the  head  and  shoulder  as  though 
about  to  fall.  There  may  not  be  very  much  heat  or  swelling.  If  there  is 
fracture  of  point  of  the  elbow  you  will  see  the  excessive  dropping  of  the 
head  and  shoulder;  the  leg  will  be  flexed  or  seemingly  in  a pendulous  con- 
dition, with  heat  and  swelling  and  pain  upon  pressure.  Sometimes  ‘‘capped 
elbow”  causes  lameness,  but  not  always;  when  it  does  you  do  not  have  such 
excessive  dropping  of  the  head. 

Treatment: — If  there  is  lameness,  without  swelling  or  heat,  apply 
SCOTCH  OIL  according  to  directions.  Allow  sufficient  rest  and  a cure 
will  result.  If  there  is  fracture  of  the  elbow  swing  the  patient  up  imme- 
diately and  feed  on  soft  feed.  Apply  splints  and  bandage  from  the  knee  up 
above  the  elbow  to  hold  it  in  position,  and  keep  the  patient  swung  up  until 
complete  union  has  taken  place,  which  will  be  in  from  six  to  ten  weeks. 
Broad  rubber  belting  makes  a good  splint,  and  bandage  combined.  If  the 
lameness  comes  from  capped  elbow  (usually  heels  of  its  shoes),  remove  the 
shoes  and  place  a roll  of  sheepskin,  or  other  soft  material,  around  the  back 
part  of  the  fetlock,  to  prevent  the  feet  from  irritating  the  bruise.  Then 
apply  hot  water  to  the  elbow  until  the  inflammation  subsides,  when  the 
lameness  will  usually  disappear.  But,  to  remove  the  enlargement,’  make  a 
free  incision  low  down  to  allow  the  fluid  to  escape;  then  apply  some  irritat- 
ing substance  to  cause  it  to  slough  out.  After  it  heals  and  there  is  a small 
nodule  left,  dissect  it  out  and  treat  as  an  ordinary  wound.  Widen  the  stall 
and  allow  plenty  of  room  for  the  animal  to  lie  down. 


Shoulder  Slip,  or  Sweeny. 


SHOULDER  SLIP,  OR  SWEENY. 

This  disease,  generally  termed  “sweeny,”  consists  in  atrophy,  or  wast- 
ing away,  of  the  Antea  aud  Postea  Spinatus  muscles.  A brief  description 


60 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


of  the  parts  forming  the  shoulder  joint  will  facilitate  an  understanding  of 
the  matter.  The  glenoid  cavity,  or  hollow  in  the  lower  end  of  the  shoulder 
bone,  is  very  small  compared  to  the  head  of  the  humerus,  which  plays  within 
it,  thus  giving  it  great  liberty  of  motion,  especially  as  the  joint  is  not  bound 
down  with  inelastic  ligaments,  but  by  muscles  and  tendons  only.  The  Antea 
and  Postea  Spinatus  muscles  occupy  the  outer  surface  of  the  shoulder  blade 
and  extend  down  over  the  external  and  lateral  surface  of  the  joint.  The 
Sub-Scapularis  muscle  occupies  the  inner  surface  of  the  shoulderblade  and 
extends  down  over  the  inner  and  lateral  surface  of  the  joint.  The  Coraco 
Humeralis  muscle  extends  down  over  the  front  of  the  joint.  So  it  will  be 
seen  that,  when  the  external  muscles  are  wasted  away  (atrophied),  there  is 
nothing  left  strong  enough  to  hold  the  joint  to  its  proper  position,  and  it 
has  an  outward  movement  or  slipping — but  not  a dislocation.  ' It  may  be 
caused  by  a bruise;  heavy  pulling;  or  walking  on  uneven  ground,  as  the 
furrow  horse  is  compelled  to  do  while  plowing.  It  is  more  frequently  seen 
in  young  horses,  used  for  plowing,  especially  in  the  spring  when  the  muscles 
are  soft  and  flaccid. 

Symptoms: — There  are  generally  swelling,  heat  and  tenderness,  all 
along  the  external  surface  of  the  shoulder  blade;  but  in  the  majority  of 
cases  the  patient  shows  no  lameness  until  the  swelling  and  heat  have  sub- 
sided and  atrophy,  or  wasting  of  the  muscles,  has  begun.  This  generally 
takes  place  in  a week  or  two  from  the  time  of  the  injury.  The  hollow  space 
is  usually  the  full  leugth  of  the  shoulderblade,  and  is  sometimes  very  deep, 
so  that  the  spine  of  the  bone  is  prominent. 

Treatment: — During  the  inflammatory  stage,  while  there  is  heat  and 
swelling,  foment  well  with  hot  water;  and  after  the  swelling  has  disap- 
peared, apply  a mild  stimulating  liniment,  as  SCOTCH  OIL.  Use  three 
times  a day,  rubbing  in  thoroughly.  Do  not  be  afraid  of  rubbing,  as  it 
stimulates  the  muscles  to  development.  Use  at  light  work  on  level  ground, 
or  turn  out  to  pasture,  for  the  patient  needs  exercise  to  develop  the  muscles. 
Do  not  be  discouraged,  but  be  persistent  in  your  treatment,  as  it  frequenty 
takes  six  months,  and  sometimes  a year,  before  the  hollow  is  filled  up  and 
muscles  fully  developed.  If  it  seems  very  slow  apply  at  intervals  the  fol- 
lowing: 

Vaseline,  one  ounce. 

Bin  Iodide  Mercury,  one  drachm. 

Cantharides,  one  and  one-half  drachms.  Mix. 

If  you  are  persistent  success  will  crown  your  effort  and  reward  your 
trouble. 


Shoulder  Lameness. 

4 Shoulder  lameness  may  arise  from  different  causes,  but  the  most  fre- 
quent are  kicks,  bruises,  sprains  and  rheumatism.  It  is  characterized  by 
the  peculiar  manner  in  which  the  patient  holds  the  leg,  which  is  flexed  and 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


61 


resting  upon  the  toe;  also,  the  great  difficulty  with  which  the  leg  is  brought 
forward  in  walking,  with,  at  the  same  time,  a dragging  of  the  toe.  If  from 
kicks  or  bruises  the  lameness  will  be  observed  at  the  injured  place:  but  if 
from  sprain  of  the  Coraco  Humeralis  muscle,  which  plays  on  the  front  of 
the  joint  in  the  form  of  a tendon,  there  will  be  observed  flexing  of  the  limb 
and  great  difficulty  in  bringing  it  forward,  with  swelling  heat  and  tender- 
ness upon  pressure  at  the  point  of  the  shoulder.  As  inflammation  of  a 
tendon  frequently  results  in  formation  of  bone  material,  you  will  readily 
see  the  need  of  prompt  and  careful  treatment. 

Treatment: — Put  on  a very  high  heeled  shoe  and  apply  frequent 
fomentations  of  hot  water;  or  place  a rug  on  the  point  of  the  shoulder  and 
keep  applying  hot  water  until  the  inflammation  has  subsided.  Then  remove 
the  shoes  and  keep  quiet  on  a level  floor  and  apply  SCOTCH  OIL  three 
times  a day.  Allow  the  patient  to  rest  for  some  time  and  use  only  at 
light  work  for  about  four  months. 


Rheumatism. 

This  is  a peculiar  disease,  and  none  too  thoroughly  understood.  It 
attacks  the  fibrous  structures,  such  as  muscles,  tendons,  etc.  It  is  apt  to 
move  suddenly  from  one  joint  to  another,  or  to  some  internal  organ,  as  the 
heart.  It  is  seldom  that  acute  rheumatism  terminates  in  chronic  rheumatism 
or  that  the  reverse  occurs.  Chronic  rheumatism  is  not  with  most  frequently 
among  the  domesticated  animals. 

Symptoms: — The  patient  will  appear  dull  and  stupid  with  an  inclination 
to  be  let  alone  and  not  to  be  moved  about.  If  the  affection  be  in  the  limbs 
or  joints  and  the  animal  be  forced  to  move,  it  either  goes  very  lame  or  is 
very  stiff.  The  parts  affected  may  be  swollen  and  hard,  or,  if  in  the  joint, 
soft  and  fluctuating;  or  there  may  not  be  any  swelling,  but  a cracking  noise 
at  the  joints  when  moved.  There  is  generally  fevei  with  a full  hard  pulse, 
increased  temperature,  hurried  breathing,  costiveness,  and  scanty,  high 
colored  urine.  In  acute  rheumatism,  the  disease  will  generally  terminate 
in  about  six  or  eight  weeks;  but,  if  chronic,  it  may  last  until  warm  weather 
comes. 

Treatment: — Give  as  a physic — 

Aloes,  one  ounce. 

Ginger,  one  diachm.  Mix. 

Administer  at  one  dose;  and,  if  the  pain  be  excessive,  give  ounce  doses 
of  laudanum,  to  be  followed  by — 

Acetate  of  Potass.,  one  ounce. 

Bi-Carbonate  of  Soda,  one  ounce. 

Nitrate  of  Potass.,  one  and  one-half  ounces.  Mix. 

Make  twelve  powders  and  give  one  powder  three  times  a day.  Apply 
hot  clothes,  or  hot  bran,  or  hot  corn,  and  use  SCOTCH  OIL.  Apply 


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EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


two  or  thre®  times  a day.  There  is  no  liniment  for  rheumatism  equal  to 

SCOTCH  OIL. 


Sprained  Back. 

Sprained  back  is  not  of  frequent  occurrence,  but  it  may  happen  from 
the  hind  feet  slipping  while  the  animal  is  pulling  hard  to  start  a heavy  load, 
or  from  its  struggling  when  cast  in  the  stall.  The  Psoas  muscles,  which 
are  the  seat  of  the  sprain,  are  situated  underneath  the  lumber  vertebrae, 
and  are  attached  anteriorly  to  the  heads  of  the  last  ribs  and  dorsal  vertebrae 
and  posteriorly  to  the  brim  of  the  pelvis  and  internal  trochanter  of  the 
femur;  their  action  is  to  bend  the  haunch  upon  the  pelvis,  and,  when  the 
horse  is  pulling,  to  produce  the  appearance  of  a “roached  back.”  When 
sprained  these  muscles  lose  their  tone  and  power,  and  instead  of  a “reached 


SPRAINED  BACK. 


back”  there  will  be  the  reverse,  except  there  be  swelling  over  the  loins, 
which  is  frequently  the  case.  If  both  the  Psoas  muscles  are  strained  the 
aiiimal  will  be  unable  to  rise  from  a recumbent  position,  though  when  placed 
on  its  feet,  it  may  stand;  it  will  walk  with  a drunken,  staggering  gait  and  a 
knuckling  over  of  the  fetlocks.  It  is  easily  distinguished  from  broken  back 
by  the  power  to  move  its  limbs,  and  the  sense  of  f eeling  in  the  hind 
extremity.  Examination  per  rectum  reveals  heat  and  swelling,  with  pain 
upon  pressure  along  the  spine.  After  these  symptoms  have  passed  away 
and  the  animal  is  restored  to  usefulness  there  will  be  a weakness  of  the 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


63 


back  for  some  months,  or  until  the  muscles  are  again  fully  developed  and 
regain  their  natural  power  and  tone. 

Treatment: — If  the  patient  is  able  to  stand,  place  the  slings  under  it, 
but  if  unable  to  stand  you  had  better  let  the  slings  alone.  Apply  frequently 
hot  fomentations  across  the  loins  and  afterwards’  use  SCOTCH  OIL. 
Apply  three  times  a day.  If  the  patient  is  dragging  along  and  not  improv- 
ing very  rapidly,  in  the  course  of  a month  apply  a good  blister  across  the 
loins  and  it  will  help  materially  to  develop  the  muscles  and  to  regain  their 
natural  tone  and  power.  A blister  may  be  applied  every  two  or  three 
weeks:  the  following  will  answer  nicely: 

Vaseline,  two  ounces. 

Bin-Iodide  Mercury,  one  and  one-half  drachms. 

Powdered  Cantharides,  two  drachms.  Mix. 

Stringhalt. 

This  disease  consists  of  an  involuntary  spasmodic  contraction  of  the 
muscles  of  the  hind  leg.  The  horse  raises  and  lowers  the  foot  in  a peculiar 


manner,  with  a quick  jerky  motion,  which  it  cannot  control.  The  causes 
are  not  thoroughly  understood.  It  is  by  some  attributed  to  injuries;  by 
others  to  inflammation  of  the  nerves;  and  others  still  attribute  it  to  tumors 
variously  situated — as  in  the  brain,  in  the  spinal  cord,  in  the  muscles  of  the 


64 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


legs,  etc. : and  some  attribute  it  to  a peculiar  condition  of  the  blood.  These 
theories  are  all  suppositions;  possibly  all  are,  to  a certain  extent,  true.  The 
disease  generally  comes  on  very  slowly  but  may  develop  very  rapidly,  even 
in  so  short  a time  as  twenty-four  hours.  At  first  the  foot  may  be  slightly 
elevated,  with  a quick  jerking  motion,  and  brought  to  the  ground  in  the 
same  manner.  This  may  be  noticed  in  the  winter  season,  and  during  the 
heated  months  the  animal  may  travel  all  right.  When  this  is  the  case  it 
may  be  regarded  as  a rheumrtic  form  of  stringhalt.  If  it  does  not  improve 
during  the  summer  months,  as  age  advances  the  disease  gradually  continues 
to  grow  worse,  until  it  strikes  the  belly  with  the  fetlock.  The  disease  is 
purely  nervous  in  nature,  as,  for  instance,  should  the  animal  pick  up  a nail 
with  the  foot,  the  stringhalt  is  manifested  in  a severe  form,  and  extreme 
pain  is  manifested.  Except  for  the  rheumatic  form,  there  is  no  treatment 
that  wilj  benefit  the  patient.  In  that  case  treat  for  rheumatism;  or  when 
first  noticed,  give  strychnia  in  full  doses  for  a few  months. 

Traumatic  Inflammation  of  the  Joints/or  Open  Joint. 

An  open  joint  may  be  caused  by  a puncture  from  a knife,  from  splinters 
of  wood,  or  from  the  prongs  of  a fork;  or  by  bruises,  by  kicks,  or  by  lacera- 
tiods  from  falling  on  a hard  or  rough  surface.  It  is  always  attended  with 
more  or  less  danger. 

Symptoms: — If  the  opening  is  small  with  but  a trifling  leakage  from 
the  joint,  the  patient  will  not  at  first  exhibit  any  distressing  symptoms;  but 
in  the  course  of  a few  days  it  will  manifest  pain  by  going  very  lame  and, 
possibly,  not  resting  upon  the  limb  at  all  but  holding  it  up  and  keeping  it  in 
continuous  motion  on  account  of  severe  pain.  The  leakage  will  then  be 
more  profuse  and  accumulate  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  wound.  The  patient 
will  now  lose  its  appetite  and  have  very  high  fever  with  constipation.  The 
pulse  will  be  quick,  hard  and  wiry;  and,  from  extreme  pain,  the  patient  will 
break  out  in  a sweat.  If  at  this  stage  the  patient  does  not  receive  prompt 
attention,  the  disease  will  continue  in  force,  and  from  between  the  opening 
and  the  accumulation  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  wound  a thin  watery  dis- 
charge, accompanied  by  streaks  of  blood  and  small  scales  of  cartilage  and 
bone,  will  issue.  The  ends  of  the  bone  entering  into  the  formation  of  the 
joint  are  now  undergoing  a destructive  change;  and  a cure  can  only  be 
effected  by  a consolidation  of  the  joint.  A stiff  joint  is  inevitable;  and  if  it 
be  a joint  requiring  great  motion  the  patient  had  better  be  destroyed. 
During  the  whole  time  the  tissues  surrounding  the  joint  will  be  enlarged 
and  inflamed,  sometimes  very  hard  and  at  others  soft  and  doughy. 

Treatment: — Two  things  are  very  essential  to  a favorable  termination. 
The  first  is  endeavoring  to  heal  the  wound  by  the  adhesive  process  (or  first 
intention)  and  thus  prevent  suppuration.  The  second  is  preventing  the  air 
from  penetrating  the  joint,  thus  avoiding  extensive  inflammation.  Never 
probe  around  in  the  wound  to  find  if  there  be  any  dirt,  gravel  or  any  other 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


65 


foreign  substance  lodged  there,  but  wash  it  out  carefully  with  a sponge  and 
syringe  with  tepid  water;  if  any  foreign  substance  be  found  remove  it  care- 
fully. If  the  tissues  are  lacerated  cut  off  the  small  particles  that  will  not 
adhere,  but  do  not  cut  the  skin,  and  bring  the  edges  of  the  wound  together 
with  stitches  of  cat-gut;  then  place  half  a teaspoonful  of  Iodoform  upon  the 
wound  and  bandage.  Immediately  after  place  the  animal  in  slings,  as  it  not 
only  affords  the  patient  complete  rest  but  prevents  the  stitches  from  being 
torn  out  by  the  flexing  of  the  limb  in  lying  down.  If  complete  union  is 
effected  and  there  is  enlargement  of  the  joint  with  some  inflammation, 
apply  a good  blister  or  SCOTCH  OIL  according  to  directions.  If  there 
is  not  complete  union  of  the  parts  and  they  burst  out,  and  the  synovia,  or 
“joint  oil,”  comes  oozing  out,  accompanied  by  pus,  you  then  only  can  expect 
to  heal  by  granulation.  The  best  method  to  secure  this  is  to  apply  a good 
blister,  as  it  not  only  sets  up  a healthy  inflammation  but  frequently  produces 
a swelling  sufficient  to  bring  the  edges  of  the  wound  together,  thus  exclud- 
ing the  air  and,  before  the  swelling  subsides,  forming  granulations  enough 
to  close  the  wound,  and  so  effecting  a cure.  The  following  is  a good  blister: 

Vaseline,  two  ounces. 

Powdered  Cantharides,  four  drachms.  Mix. 

Apply  every  third  day  for  four  applications.  If  much  swelling  remains 
after  the  wound  is  healed  apply  SCOTCH  OIL.  If  small  abscesses 
form  around  the  joint  and  cause  much  pain,  open  them;  if  they  do  not 
cause  much  pain,  allow  them  to  burst.  The  constitutional  treatment  should 
be  to  open  the  bowels  with  a physic — 

Aloes,  one  ounce. 

Ginger,  one  drachm.  Mix. 

Give  at  one  dose.  Then  give, three  times  a day  one  powder  of  the  fol- 
lowing: 

Quinine  Sulph.,  four  drachms. 

Nitrate  of  Potass.,  one  ounce. 

Bi-Carb.  Soda,  one  ounce.  Mix. 

Make  into  twelve  powders.  For  the  first  few  days  feed  on  a soft  diet,  as 
bran  mash,  chopped  feed,  etc.  Afterwards  feed  on  the  most  nutritious  diet 
in  limited  quantities  to  build  up  the  strength.  If  the  appetite  is  poor  give 

SCOTCH  COMPOUND  three  times  a day. 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE 


ABORTION. 

This  disease  is  becoming  more  prevalent  in  this  country  since  the  intro- 
duction of  the  finer  breeds  of  cattle.  Some  years  ago  the  abortion  of  a cow, 
except  through  injury,  was  rarely  heard  of.  Since  the  finer  breeds  have 
become  pretty  widely  distributed,  abortion  is  more  and  more  prevalent. 
Possibly  these  cattle  are  inbred  to  such  an  extent  that  it  produces  a 
weakened  system — especially  weak  in  the  generative  organs.  Or,  derange- 
ment of  the  digestive  organs  by  the  feeding  of  highly  nutritious  and 
artificial  foods  may  produce  a sympathetic  derangement  of  the  generative 
organs.  Another  cause  may  be  found  in  the  construction  of  the  modern 
stable,  with  its  deep  receptacle  for  urine  and  manure,  into  which,  possibly, 
the  hind  feet  of  the  cows  slip,  thus  inducing  abortion.  These  matters  can- 
not be  too  carefully  analyzed;  and  I am  of  the  opinion  that  here  may  be 
found  some  of  the  principal  causes.  When  one  cow  in  a herd  has  aborted 
sqe  should  be  removed  immediately,  as  her  condition  excites  sympathy  in 
the  others,  which  affecting  the  generative  organs,  more  abortions  may 
follow.  Other  causes  producing  abortion  are  feeding  smutty  or  diseased 
rye;  colic;  some  cows  constantly  “bulling”  others  in  the  herd  and  leaping 
upon  them;  or  injuries  from  various  sources.  We  must  distinguish  between 
abortion  and  premature  labor.  The  term  abortion  should  be  used  when  the 
cow  loses  her  calf  during  the  first  six  months  of  pregnancy;  the  term 
“premature  labor”  is  applicable  after  the  first  six  months  are  passed.  The 
one  should  not  be  confounded  with  the  other,  although  abortion  is  as 
dangerous  as  premature  birth,  and  vice  versa.  Sometimes  breeding  cattle 
are  sold  under  a guarantee  that  they  have  never  aborted,  and  the  purchaser, 
ignorant  of  the  fact  that  “premature  birth”  is  the  term  used  during  the  last 
three  months  of  pregnancy,  buys  some  that  have  had  premature  birth,  and, 
when  too  late,  regrets  his  purchase.  Anything  which  will  produce  excite- 
ment of  the  nervous  system  is  liable  to  produce  abortion. 

Symptoms: — Sometimes  abortion  is  so  easily  produced  and  performed 
with  so  little  difficulty  that  it  has  no  premonitory  symptoms,  whatever. 
But,  after  it  has  taken  place,  there  will  be  observed  a falling  in  of  the 
fianks  and  a discharge  from  the  vagina,  sometimes  emitting  an  offensive 
odor.  Sometimes  premature  birth  occurs  with  the  same  ease,  but,  more 
frequently,  the  animal  will  appear  dull;  with  loss  of  appetite;  suspended 


68 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


rumination,  bloating;  dark  colored  discharge  from  the  vagina  of  a foetid 
odor;  sometimes  protrusion  of  the  membranes;  pulse  quickened,  small  and 
wiry;  more  or  less  uneasiness,  with  straining  and  a disposition  to  seek  a 
place  of  seclusion. 

Treatment: — If  the  foetus  is  expelled  within  the  membrane  and  with- 
out difficulty,  little  or  no  treatment  is  required,  but  if  the  membranes  are 
retained  they  should  be  removed  mechanically.  (See  Retention  of  Placenta.) 
If  the  patient  cannot  expel  the  foetus  and  there  is  a foetid  smell  or  the  mem- 
branes protrude,  the  calf  should  be  delivered  at  once  and  the  membranes 
immediately  removed.  Should  the  mouth  of  the  womb  be  closed  and  not 
dilated,  grease  it  thoroughly  with  extract  of  Belladonna,  and  in  the  course 
of  twenty  or  thirty  minutes  it  will  be  found  dialating.  You  should  then 
assist  the  dialation  with  the  hand  and  remove  the  contents.  Afterwards 
wash  out  the  womb  with  a solution  of  Permanganate  of  Potassium — one 
drachm  to  a gallon  of  warm  water.  Afterwards  give  three  times  a day  the 
following,  for  two  or  three  days: 

Aromatic  Spirits  of  Ammonia,  one  ounce. 

Tincture  Ginger,  one  ounce. 

Warm  Beer,  one  quart.  Mix. 

At  firs  tadminister  a physic — 

Epsom  Salts,  one  pound. 

Powdered  Ginger,  one-half  ounce.  Mix.  , 

Give  in  half  a gallon  of  warm  water;  and  give  SCOTCH  COM- 
POUND twice  a day  for  two  or  three  weeks  and  feed  on  soft  feed. 

V Diarrhoea. 

Diarrhoea  is  observed  in  cattle  as  well  as  in  all  other  animals,  and  its 
causes  are  many  and  various.  Among  them  are  eating  irritating  substances; 
eating  too  large  quantities  of  food;  eating  to  excess  of  sloppy  bran  or  linseed 
meal;  change  from  dry  to  green  food;  the  injudicious  or  continued  use  of 
purgative  medicines;  indigestion  or  disordered  stomach.  Diarrhoea  in 
calves  may  be  caused  by  giving  very  rich  milk  in  large  quantities,  or  by 
feeding  sour  milk;  the  latter  curdles  in  the  stomach,  and  passing  on  into  the 
bowels  in  a halt  digested  state,  acts  as  an  irritant,  producing  what  is  known 
as  the  “white  scours.”  Whilst  diarrhoea  is  a disease,  it  is  sometimes  a boon 
to  the  animal,  being  nature’s  effort  to  cast  off  some  deleterious  matter  that 
has  impregnated  the  system. 

Symptoms: — The  most  prominent  symptoms  are  a copious  discharge,  of 
a liquid  consistency,  from  the  bowels,  accompanied  by  flatulence  and  con- 
tinued strainina;  sometimes  a good  appetite,  but  more  frequently  it  is 
diminished;  cramping  pains;  staring  coat;  and  the  animal  will  stand  all 
drawn  up;  if  the  patient  be  a calf  whose  diarrhoea  is  caused  by  sour  milk 
the  faeces  will  emit  a sour  odor;  the  amimal  will  lose  flesh  rapidly  and  have 
a dejected  appearance  generally. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


69 


Treatment: — Too  much  cannot  be  said  against  the  use  of  astringent 
remedies  at  the  commencement  of  diarrhoea,  unless  the  cause  be  known  to 
be  the  use  of  purgatives,  bran  or  linseed  meal.  The  reason  for  this  is  that 
there  is  generally  within  the  bowels  some  irritant  which  nature  is  trying  to 
expel.  Instead  of  giving  remedies  to  prevent  it,  give  half  a pint  or  a pint 
of  linseed  or  castor  oil  to  aid  in  removing  the  offending  object,  it  will 
usually  effect  a cure.  If  not,  you  may  then  resort  to  astringents  and  give 
one  of  the  following,  every  four  or  five  hours  until  a cure  is  effected: 

Tincture  Catechu,  two  ounces. 

Tincture  Kino,  two  ounces. 

Tincture  Opium,  two  ounces. 

Tincture  Ginger,  two  ounces.  Mix. 

Give  two  ounces  at  a dose  in  a little  water  as  a drench.  If,  after  giving 
this  remedy,  the  bowels  become  too  much  constipated,  give  a pint  of  raw 
linseed  oil,  or  castor  oil.  Feed  on  dry  feed,  give  no  grain  and  limit  the 
amount  of  drinking  water  to  a half  gallon  at  each  drink.  For  calves  give 
one-fourth  the  amount  prescribed  above. 

Acute  Dysentery. 


The  disease  consists  in  an  infiammation  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
bowels,  with  ulceration  and  hemorrhage,  and  is  sometimes  called  bloody 
flux.  It  is  very  often  the  sequel  to  diarrhoea  and  has  similar  causes.  The 


symptoms,  too,  are  about  the  same,  only  of  a more  aggravated  form.  There 
is  great  constitutional  disturbance  with  a liquid  or  watery  discharge  inter- 
mingled with  blood,  from  the  bowels.  The  animal  appears  very  dull,  with 
clammy  mouth,  flurried  tongue;  sunken  eyes,  discharging  a thin  watery 


70 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


or  mattery  discharge;  rapid,  small  and  wiry  pulse;  dry,  harsh,  staring  coat; 
great  emaciation,  with  a hidebound  appearance.  The  animal  grunts,  grinds 
its  teeth  and  stands  with  its  back  arched.  Pain  in  the  bowels  is  manifested 
by  uneasiness  and  frequent  straining;  the  straining  is  sometimes  so  hard 
tha  it  forces  the  bowels  out,  when  it  presents  a red  and  inflamed  appearance. 
Sometimes,  but  not  always,  there  is  considerable  bloating  on  the  left  side. 
The  horns,  limbs  and  ears  are  cold.  If  a cow,  she  loses  her  milk.  Loss  of 
appetite  is  noticed,  with  suspended  rumination  and  increased  desire  for 
water: 

Treatment: — Place  the  animal  in  a good  comfortable  place,  well  bed- 
ded and  blanket  well.  Feed  choice,  clean  nutritious  food  and  allow  drink- 
ing water  sparingly.  Give  the  following: 

Castor  Oil,  one  pint. 

Powdered  Opium,  one  drachm. 

Powdered  Catechu,  one  drachm.  Mix. 

Give  at  one  dose;  and  afterwards  give  every  four  or  five  hours,  till  the 
bowels  stop  running  off  and  the  patient  stops  straining,  of  the  following: 

Tincture  Opium,  one  ounce. 

. Tincture  Catechu,  one-half  ounce. 

Tincture  Kino,  one-half  ounce. 

Pure  Carbolic  Acid,  thirty  drops. 

Sweet  Spirits  of  Nitre,  one  and  one-half  ounces.  Mix. 

Give  in  a pint  of  linseed  gruel. 

Sometimes  acute  dysentery  subsides  and  takes  a chronic  form,  when  the 
length  of  time  for  recovery  will  be  prolonged.  Select  one  or  two  of  the  fore- 
going prescriptions  containing  chalk  and  continue  to  use  it  twice  daily;  the 
results  will  be  very  satisfactory.  But,  if  the  chronic  form  is  the  result  of 
old  age  and  general  debility,  the  bowels  become  so  weakened  that  any  treat- 
ment is  of  little  avail  and  death  closes  the  scene. 


Tympanitis,  Hoven  or  Bloating. 

This  is  a common  disease,  or  rather  accident,  among  cattle  and  has  been 
pretty  generally  observed  by  almost  every  person  who  is  in  the  babit  of  keep- 
ing or  handling  them.  The  complaint  is  usually  observed  in  cattle  which  are 
greedy  eaters  and  have  just  been  turned  out  to  feed  on  red  clover  pasture  of 
rank  growth  and  covered  with  moisture  or  dew.  The  greedy  animal  eats 
more  than  the  stomach  can  handle  and  force  up  for  mastication.  In  the 
rumen,  or  first  stomach,  which  is  merely  a receptacle  for  food,  a fermenta- 
tion takes  place,  gasses  are  formed  and  the  paunch  is  distended  to  an  enorm- 
ous size  and  is  notice  on  the  left  side.  If  relief  is  not  speedily  obtained  rup- 
ture of  the  stomach  or  bowels  takes  place  and  death  ensues.  Cattle  that 
have  been  fed  on  dry  feed,  and  are  turned  upon  green  pasture  that  is  wet 
from  rain  or  dew,  are  most  liable  to  become  effected.  Great  care  should. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


71 


therefore,  be  exercised  in  not  allowing  the  cattle  to  eat  too  much  such  grass 
before  being  removed  to  a place  of  confinement  where  they  may  ruminate  or 
“chew  the  cud.”  Cattle  fed  on  frozen  turnips,  carrots  or  other  roots,  are 
subject  to  tympanitis.  So,  also,  cattle  which  are  choking,  or  have  any  for- 


eign substance  within  the  oesophagus,  are  liable  to  bloat;  but  on  removal  of 
the  obstruction  the  bloating  disappears.  I have  seen  a case  where  the  cow 
had  attempted  premature  birth.  The  calf  was  dead  and  partially  decayed 
within  the  womb;  rumination  was  suspended;  appetite  lost;  rough  coat;  de- 
jected appearance  generally.  Bloating  was  a prominent  symptom.  An  ex- 
amination by  the  vagina  revealed  the  cause. 

Symptoms. — The  symptoms  are  developed  very  rapidly.  After  being 
turned  on  clover  or  wet  grass  a swelling  appears  on  the  left  side  and  grad- 
ually increases  in  severity.  The  bloating  becomes  greater,  breathing  is 
most  difficult  and  the  patient  moans  and  grunts;  the  eyes  become  blood-shot; 
saliva  drivels  from  t'^e  mouth;  the  back  is  arched.  The  animal  seems 
riveted  to  the  spot  on  which  it  stands,  or  staggers  around  and  falls  to  rise  no 
more. 

Treatment: — If  the  case  is  not  too  far  advanced  give  the  following  at 
one  dose: 

Aqua  Amonia,  one  ounce 

Tincture  of  Ginger,  two  ounces. 

Tincture  of  Anise,  one  ounce. 

Water,  one  quart. 

Afterwards  place  a large  gag  in  the  mouth  to  keep  it  wide  open  and 
fasten  it  there  by  ropes  tied  around  the  horns  or  neck;  this  will  permit  the 
free  outlet  of  eructations  of  gas  from  the  stomach.  If  the  symptoms  increase 
in  severity  it  is  best  to  tap  the  stomach  with  a trocar  and  canula,  which  is 
done  as  tollows:  Fasten  the  animal  so  that  it  cannot  get  away,  then  shove 


12 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


the  beast  against  the  stall  or  fence.  Then,  standing  on  the  left,  somewhat 
in  front  to  prevent  being  kicked,  measure  about  half  way  between  the  last 
rib  and  the  hip  bone,  and  about  six  inches  from  the  lumbar  vertebrae.  Now 
plunge  the  instrument  inward  and  downward  and  witdraw  the  trocar  leaving 
the  canula,  through  which  the  gas  will  come  rushing  out.  The  canula  may 
be  fastened  there,  and,  if  necessary,  kept  in  position  for  twenty-four  hours. 
The  trocar  and  canula  should  be  eight  or  nine  inches  in  length  and  three- 
eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  If  you  have  no  instrument  use  an  ordinary 
jack  knife,  as  there  is  very  little  danger  from  such  an  operation.  After  dis- 
charging the  gas,  to  empty  the  stomach,  give  the  following: 

Epsom  Salts,  twelve  ounces. 

Sulphate  of  Soda,  twelve  ounces. 

Powdered  Ginger,  four  drachms. 

Water,  one  gallon.  Mix. 

Give  immediately.  Sometimes  the  hollow  probang  is  introduced  into 
the  stomach,  to  allow  the  gas  to  escape;  but  this  is  not  very  practical,  as 
you  cannot  allow  it  to  remain  very  long  and  the  opening  is  liable  to  become 
plugged  with  food.  After  giving  the  physic  you  may  give  some  brandy, 
whiskey  or  ale  to  tone  up  the  stomach. 


Albuminuria,  Inflammation  of  the  Kidneys,  or  Bright’s 

Disease. 

This  disease  is  not  very  frequent,  except  as  the  result  of  injury,  when  it 
sometimes  occurs  in  a violent  form.  Still  it  may  arise  from  bad  feeding, 
from  feeding  poorly  matured  or  marsh  hay,  which  causes  derangement  of 
the  digestive  organs  and  irritation  of  the  kidneys  through  reflex  action  of 
the  brain.  This  form  is  seldom  observed  among  the  lower  animals.  But 
when  an  injury  is  received  upon  the  brain  or  spinal  cord  Albuminuria  is 
frequently  the  result. 

Symptoms: — Generally  the  first  symptoms  observed  are  the  animals 
standing  with  its  legs  gathered  under  it,  and  the  back  arched;  or  the  legs 
will  be  somewhat  stretched  out,  the  hind  legs  wide  apart,  and  the  back 
sunken  or  straight.  The  animal  is  loth  to  move,  appears  stiff,  and  if  com- 
pelled to  move  does  so  with  a painful,  straddling  movement.  The  bowels  are 
usually  constipated  and  the  breathing  accelerated.  The  urine  is  thick  and 
dark  colored,  and  sometimes  passed  with  difficulty;  if  tested  for  Abulmen  it 
will  be  found  in  varying  amounts.  The  attack  is  usually  very  sudden,  and, 
if  not  speedily  relieved,  the  patient  usually  dies  from  blood  poisoning. 

Treatment: — If  there  is  inability  to  void  the  urine  it  should  be  drawn 
away.  In  the  cow  this  is  easily  done  with  a straight  catheter;  but  in  the  ox, 
owing  to  the  curviture  in  the  penis,  it  can  only  be  done  by  making  an  in- 
cision into  the  urethra  below  the  anus,  through  which  pass  the  female  cathe- 
ter. Then  immediately  give  a strong  physic  to  unload  the  bowels  and  keep 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


73 


their  contents  in  a liquid  state,  to  relieve  the  kidneys  of  a share  of  their 
work.  Give  the  following: 

Epsom  Salts,  sixteen  ounces. 

Sulphate  of  Soda,  twelve  ounces. 

Ginger,  one  ounce. 

Warm  Water,  one  and  one-half  gallons. 

Keep  hot  cloths  across  the  loins  and  occasionally  rub  SCOTCH  OIL 
across  the  region  of  the  Kidneys.  Keep  in  comfortable  place,  and  feed  on  a 
soft  nutritious  diet.  Give  the  following  every  three  or  four  hours: 

Strychnia,  twenty-four  grains. 

Hydro-Chlorate  of  Morphia,  thirty-six  grains. 

Tincture  Per-Chloride  of  Iron,  six  ounces.  Mix. 

Dose,  one  ounce  in  a pint  of  water.  This  should  be  continued  for  a week 
or  ten  days. 

Anthrax,  Black  Leg  or  Quarter  111. 

This  disease  is  known  by  several  names,  but  the  affection  is  the  same 
nevertheless.  It  is  very  seldom  seen  in  the  eastern  or  middle  states,  but  on 
the  ranges  in  Dakota,  Montana,  Nebraska  and  those  western  states  and  ter- 
ritories, where  the  cattle  have  to  gather  their  own  fodder  during  the  greater 
part  of  the  year,  it  is  quite  prevalent.  Where  cattle  are  compelled  to  live 
outdoors  and  gather  their  own  food  during  the  winter  season  they  are  ex- 
posed to  all  kinds  of  weather,  and  sometimes  have  a very  scanty  living,  on 
account  of  the  ground  being  covered  with  snow.  The  result  is  they  become 
so  poor  as  to  barely  be  able  to  walk  in  the  spring.  When  the  snow  leaves 
and  the  weather  turns  warm  a very  luxuriant  growth  of  grass  starts  up, 
affording  the  very  finest  kind  of  nutritious  food.  The  cattle  fiesh  up  very 
rapidly.  A superabundance  of  blood  is  formed  in  the  system.  Fever  sets  in, 
complicated  with  eruptions  or  sloughing  of  the  tissues,  and  death  usually 
results.  Sometimes  one  will  appear  in  perfect  health,  and  the  following  day 
it  will  be  seen  to  be  lame  in  one  quarter.  That  quarter  will  begin  to  swell, 
and,  on  examination,  it  will  be  found  to  be  black  in  color  and  to  emit  a 
crackling  sound  from  under  the  skin  as  if  filled  with  air.  Putrefaction  sets 
in  and  the  animal  dies  in  from  one  to  four  days,  and  in  the  greatest  misery. 
Sometimes  this  disease  is  more  prolongued  and  not  so  severe  in  character. 
In  such  cases  there  will  be  swellings  at  different  parts  of  the  body  or  on  the 
limbs,  emitting  a crackling  sound  when  pressed  upon.  There  will  also  be 
an  eruption  upon  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth  and  tongue.  The  ani- 
mal is  somewhat  costive  and  what  dung  is  passed  is  covered  with  blood, 
scanty  and  high-colored.  Breathing  is  difficult.  The  animal  walks  as  if 
stiff  and  sore.  The  thirst  is  intense,  with  entire  suspension  of  rumination. 
The  ears,  horns  and  legs  become  cold.  Sloughing  of  the  swollen  parts  takes 
place  and  the  animal  usually  dies  from  blood  poisoning.  Treatment  is 
usually  unsatisfactory  and  seldom  attempted.  Prevention  is  the  cure  that 


74 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


should  be  looked  to.  The  best  mode  is  not  to  let  the  cattle  fatten  too  rapidly. 
When  they  cannot  be  herded  so  as  to  fatten  slowly  a seaton  should  fee  in- 
certed  through  the  dew-lap.  This  will  keep  a constant  drain  on  the  system 
and  there  will  seldom  be  any  trouble  from  black-leg. 


Epizootic  Aphtha,  or  Foot  and  Mouth  Disease. 

It  is  proper  to  state  here  that  a simple  form  of  aphtha  appears  in  young 
animals  during  detention,  when  small  vesicles  or  blisters  break  out  around 
the  mouth,  on  the  tongue,  and  sometimes  around  the  feet.  But  this  is  in  no 
way  contagious  and  calls  for  little  or  no  treatment  except  the  application  of 


EPIZOOTIC  APHTHA,  OR  FOOT  AND  MOUTH  DISEASE, 

some  healing  lotion.  But  Epizootic  Aphtha  is  a different  disease  and  highly 
contagious,  often  fatal;  and  like  small-pox  and  measles  in  man  is  seldom 
seen  twice  in  the  same  individual.  It  is  purely  an  eruptive  fever  and  des- 
tined to  run  a certain  course,  until  a favorable  termination  may  be  reached 
despite  all  treatment. 

Symptoms: — The  symptoms  vary  in  intensity  according  to  the  condition, 
temperament  of  the  animal.  It  develops  from  the  commencement  and  is 
generally  ushered  in  by  a chill  which  is  succeeded  by  a staring  coat,  dry 
cough,  quick  hard  pulse  and  a temperament  ranging  from  103°  F.  to  106°  P.; 
the  appetite  is  poor  and  sometimes  entirely  suspended.  Thick  ropy  saliva 
drivels  from  the  mouth  and,  as  the  vesicles  rupture,  it  becomes  mixed  with 
blood.  Upon  examining  the  mouth  vesicles  varying  in  size  will  be  seen  on 
the  tongue,  lips  and  cheeks.  The  feet  are  not  always  attacked,  but  generally 
are.  If  so,  there  will  be  swelling  around  the  coronets  covered  with  small 
blisters,  also  small  blisters  between  the  coronets.  The  swelling  presses  the 
toes  apart  and,  on  standing  or  walking,  cause  great  pain.  The  blisters  or 
vesicles  soon  burst,  discharge  their  contents  and,  in  the  majority  of  cases, 
scab  over.  Sometimes  the  teats  and  udders  of  cows  become  affected,  break 
out,  swell  and  prove  a great  source  of  irritation. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


75 


Treatment:— Give  a mild  laxative  as, 

Sulphate  of  Soda,  ten  ounces. 

Ginger,  one-half  ounce. 

Foenugrec,  one- half  ounce.  Mix. 

Give  in  a quart  of  warm  beer.  The  mouth  should  be  washed  twice  or 
thrice  daily  with  the  following: 

Chlorate  of  Potassium,  one  ounce. 

Powdered  Alum,  one  ounce. 

Water,  one  quart.  Mix. 

If  matter  forms  around  the  feet  grease  the  parts  thrice  daily  with 

SCOTCH  OINTMENT  and  feed  SCOTCH  COMPOUND  to  purify 
the  blood.  If  the  udder  is  swelled  and  painful  apply  with  SCOTCH  OIL 
twice  daily. 


Haematurea,  or  Bloody  Urine. 

This  disease  is  seen  amongst  all  breeds  of  cattle  and  is  caused  by  in- 
juries over  the  back  and  loins;  by  cattle  jumping  upon  each  other;  by  eating 


herbs  which  cause  irritation  of  the  kidneys;  or  by  the  administration  of 
painful  diuretics. 

Symptoms: — The  symptoms  develop  very  rapidly.  The  animal  appears 
weak,  scarcely  able  to  rise,  and  when  standing  the  back  is  arched;  there  is 
a straining;  the  annimal  voids  small  quantities  of  urine  mixed  with  blood 
globules  and  albumen:  pulse  quick,  small  and  wiry;  appetite  and  rumination 
partly  suspended;  legs  and  horns  are  alternately  hot  and  cold;  mouth  hot: 
bowels  constipated;  flow  of  milk  decreased:  on  applying  pressure  along  the 
back  the  animal  evinces  pain;  if  compelled  to  walk  it  moves  with  a strad- 
dling gait. 


76  EQUINE  AND  BOVINE  . 

Treatment:— Apply  hot  fomentations  across  the  loins  and  give  the 
following: 

Sulphate  of  Magnesia,  sixteen  ounces. 

Sulphate  of  Soda,  eight  ounces. 

Ground  Ginger,  one-half  ounce. 

Gentian,  one-half  ounce. 

Give  in  a gallon  of  water  at  one  dose;  to  be  followed  with  tonics,  as, 
Tincture  Per-Chloroid  of  Iron,  one  ounce. 

Tincture  Cinchona,  four  ounces. 

Tincture  Nux  Vomica,  two  ounces. 

Tincture  Opium,  four  ounces. 

Infusion  of  Quassia,  five  ounces.  Mix. 

Give  two  ounces  three  times  a day.  Feed  on  a soft  nutritious  diet  and 
give  SCOTCH  COMPOUND  to  build  up  the  system. 


Cancerous  Ulcers. 

When  the  Veterinary  surgeon’s  attention  is  called  to  these  cases  he  can 
do  little  more  than  to  advise  concerning  the  best  mode  of  destroying  the  ani- 
mal. These  ulcers  generally  appear  as  small  hard  nodules,  situated  upon 
either  the  upper  or  lower  jaw,  principally  the  latter.  Usually  they  are  at 
first  movable,  the  skin  playing  over  them  with  perfect  ease.  As  they^ 
gradually  develop  in  size  they  become  adherent  to  the  bone  and  continue  to 
grow  for  months  before  breaking.  When  one  breaks  it  discharges  either  a 
thin  liquid  or  pus  and  presents  an  ugly  ragged  appearance  of  a fibrous  nature 
and  sometimes  bleeds  profusely.  It  may  partially  heal  up,  then  it  will  swell 
up  and  discharge  and  lumps  of  tissue  will  slough  away.  Gradually  becoming 
worse  it  eventually  affects  the  teeth,  causing  them  to  fall  out  and  establish- 
ing an  opening  in  the  mouth,  through  which  the  food  will  drop  out.  There 
is  no  special  treatment  save  to  fatten  the  animal  for  the  butcher — that  is 
when  the  swelling  is  first  noticed.  After  it  has  broken  and  discharged  for 
some  time  the  flesh  ought  not  to  be  used.  Still  destroying  the  animal  is  a 
humane  act. 


Phrentis,  Inflammation  of  the  Brain. 

Inflammation  of  the  brain  usually  results  from  injuries  to  the  head,  or 
as  the  sequel  of  fevers  caused  by  eating  hot  buckeyes;  also  from  indigestion, 
from  exposure  to  the  hot  sun,  from  extensive  inflammations  of  the  ear,  etc. 

Symptoms: — Sometimes  an  animal  suffering  from  inflammation  of  the 
brain  will  appear  stupid,  pressing  its  head  for  a considerable  time  against  a 
wall,  fence  or  some  stationary  object,  and  occasionally  running  about  wildly 
as  if  it  were  both  drunk  and  blind.  Others  act  as  though  seized  with  a fit 
of  madness  and  acting  fiercely;  the  eyes  are  inflamed  and  staring — constantly 
watching.  The  animal  in  rushing  about  will  fall  down  in  most  any  position. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


77 


The  breathing  will  be  slow  and  the  pulse  strong  and  full  at  first,  will  grad- 
ually decline  with  throbbing  of  the  temporal  arteries.  The  disease  generally 
occurs  during  the  hot  months. 

Treatment:— Give  a brisk  physic, 

Epsom  Salts,  twenty-four  ounces. 

Ginger,  six  drachms. 

Chloride  of  Sodium,  six  ounces.  Mix. 

Put  in  a gallon  of  warm  water  and  give  at  one  dose.  Bleed  from  the 
jugular  vein,  while  the  pulse  is  full,  from  one  to  two  gallons.  Apply  ice  cold 
water  to  the  head  constantly.  If  the  limbs  are  cold  apply  friction  or 
SCOTCH  OIL  LINIMENT  and  bandage.  Give  full  doses  of  Aconite 
and  Bromide  of  Potassium  and  as  convalescence  is  taking  place  apply  a good 
blister  on  the  head  back  of  the  horns. 


Catarrh,  or  Cold. 

This  is  a term  used  to  denote  an  inflamed  condition  of  the  lining  mem- 
brane of  the  nostrils,  sinuses  of  the  head  and  upper  air  passages ; it  may 
extend  to  the  eyes  and  throat.  The  causes  are  changes  of  climate,  sudden 
changes  of  weather,  bad  ventilation,  deficient  drainage,  being  turned  from 
a warm  stable  out  into  a cold  storm,  etc.,  etc. 

Symptoms: — The  lining  membrane  of  the  nostails  is  at  first  reddened 
and  dry,  soon  becoming  moist  with  a thin  watery  discharge,  The  eye-lids 
become  swollen  and  red  and  discharge  a watery  secretion,  soon  assuming  a 
mattery  appearance.  The  forehead  and  butts  of  the  horns  are  very  hot. 
The  animal  snuffles  and  sneezes  and  sometimes  coughs.  The  breathing  is 
somewhat  difficult.  The  animal  occasionally  shivers.  Appetite  and 
rumination  are  partly  suspended.  The  urine  is  high-colored.  Coat  is 
rough  and  staring.  Sometimes  a light  diarrhoea  is  present  and  later  on  a 
thick  viscid  discharge  from  the  nostrils. 

Treatment: — Give  as  a mild  laxative — 

Epsom  Salts,  twelve  ounces. 

Ginger,  one-half  ounce. 

Gentian,  one-half  ounce.  Mix. 

Give  in  a half  gallon  of  warm  water.  Keep  the  patient  in  a comfortable 
place,  blanket  well  and  feed  on  hot  mashes.  Give  SCOTCH  COM- 
POUND three  times  a day.  If  the  discharge  becomes  stopped  before  a 
favorable  termination  is  reached,  steam  the  nostrils  with  scalded  bran  or 
oats  and  add  a little  vinegar  to  the  hot  water. 

. Choking. 

This  is  u common  accident  among  cattle  that  are  fed  on  such  ropts  as 
turnips,  carrots,  potatoes,  beets,  etc.,  etc.  In  greedy  eaters  it  is  also  caused 


78 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


whilst  eating  grain  or  chaff;  in  the  hurry  to  eat,  the  food  is  not  thoroughly 
mixed  with  saliva,  and  being  swallowed  about  half  dry,  it  frequently  be- 


comes lodged  in  the  oesophagus.  Choking  also  occurs  from  eating  leather, 
clothing,  etc. , of  which  cattle  frequently  attempt  to  eat. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


79 


Symptoms: — If  the  obstruction  is  high  up  in  the  throat  or  in  the 
pharynx  the  animal  will  slaver  considerably— the  saliva  running  profusely 
from  the  mouth.  There  will  be  difficult  breathing  and  much  uneasiness. 
The  head  will  be  held  low  down  with  the  nose  straight  out;  sometimes  at- 
tempts at  coughing  are  made.  The  eyes  are  starring  and  blood-shot.  If 
the  obstruction  is  lower  down  the  neck  or  within  the  chest  the  symptoms 
are  not  so  severe.  The  breathing  may  be  but  little  altered  and  the  slaver- 
ing greatly  less  and  probably  absent.  If  the  animal  attempts  to  drink  and 
the  obstruction  is  large  the  water  will  be  ejected  through  the  mouth  and 
nostrils;  but  if  the  obstruction  is  small  it  may  pass  by  it  and  go  to  the 
stomach.  Bloating  is  a prominent  symptom — the  left  side  will  sometimes 
be  greatly  distended. 

Treatment: — If  the  obstruction  is  within  the  pharynx,  place  a gag  in 
the  mouth  and  remove  it  with  the  hand  or  with  a pair  of  forceps.  If  you 
fail  to  withdraw  it  give  a half  pint  of  sweet  oil  or  melted  lard;  administer 


SACCULAR  DILITATION  OP  THE  GULLET  FROM  USING  BROOM-STICKS  AND 
WHIP-HANDLES  WHILE  CHOKING. 

carefully  and  the  obstruction  may  pass  downward  or  be  expelled  in  an 
attempt  to  cough.  Should  this  fail  or  should  the  animal  be  in  great  distress, 
pass  the  probang  immediately.  This  should  be  done  as  follows:  Place  a 
gag  in  the  mouth  and  have  an  assistant  hold  it;  then  grease  the  probang 
and  pass  it  slowly  down  the  throat.  When  you  come  to  the  obstruction 
press  heavily  but  slowly,  and  when  it  starts  force  it  on  in  the  stomach.  If 
the  obstruction  is  low  down  or  within  the  chest,  give  six  or  eight  ounces  of 
sweet  oil  or  melted  lard,  also  a quart  or  two  of  water,  and  it  will  frequently 
pass  on.  If  it  does  not,  pass  the  probang;  but  do  not  attempt  to  force  it 
down  with  sticks  or  whip-stalks,  as  you  are  liable  to  produce  great  injury 
by  rupturing  the  oesophagus.  When  this  occurs  and  inflammation  sets  in 
apply  SCOTCH  OIL  to  the  side  of  the  neck,  and  give  internally — 


80 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Powdered  Alum,  one-half  ounce. 

Powdered  Opium,  three  drachms. 

Warm  Water,  one  pint.  Mix. 

Give  wine-glass  full  three  times  a day.  Peed  on  soft  feed,  allow  drink- 
ing water  at  pleasure,  and  fatten  for  the  butcher,  as  there  will  always  be 
more  or  less  trouble. 


Chronic  Indigestion. 

This  is  a disease  of  the  fourth  stomach,  and  is  caused  by  irregular  feed- 


ing, bad  ventilation,  feeding  innutritions  and  badly  cured  fodder,  exposure 
to  cold  and  rain,  feeding  on  marsh  grasses,  etc. 


Symptoms: — At  first  the  animal  will  have  a whimsical  appetite  and  eat 
irregularly;  later  on  they  will  begin  eating  dirt,  filth,  dirty  straw,  manure. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


81 


etc.  The  skin  becomes  harsh  and  dry,  with  a staring  coat.  The  dung  will 
be  passed  in  small  lumps  which  will  be  hard  and  dry  and  covered  with 
mucous.  The  loss  of  flesh  will  be  rapid  and  the  creature  at  the  flanks  will 
look  as  thin  as  a sunfish.  The  blood  becomes  depleted,  with  pallor  of  the 
mucous  membranes;  and  if  the  disease  is  allowed  to  progress  diarrhoea  will 
supervene  and  death  will  result.  But  if  attended  to  in  time  a favorable 
termination  may  be  looked  for. 

Treatment: — Put  the  animal  in  a comfortable  place  and  give  a mild 
laxative — 

Epsom  Salts,  twelve  ounces. 

Ginger,  one-half  ounce. 

Gentian,  one-half  ounce. 

Aromatic  Spirits  of  Ammonia,  two  ounces. 

Water,  one  quart. 

Give  at  one  dose,  and  afterwards  give  SCOTCH  COMPOUND. 
Feed  on  soft,  nutritious  food  in  small  quantities,  often  repeated;  or  feed 
roots,  as  turnips,  carrots,  beets,  etc.,  with  a little  linseed  meal  occasionally. 
Give  plenty  of  fresh  drinking  water,  with  a teaspoonful  of  soda,  three  times 
a day. 


Colic. 

This  disease  is  seldom  seen  in  cattle,  and  when  it  occurs  the  animal  is 
not  very  violently  attacked.  Compared  with  the  same  disease  in  the  horse, 
the  symptoms  are  very  mild.  The  animal  will  appear  a little  uneasy,  stamp 
with  its  hind  feet,  twist  its  tail  around  from  side  to  side,  and  possibly  lie 
down  and  remain  quiet;  sometimes  it  will  turn  its  head  around  to  its  side. 
The  breathing  and  pulse  will  remain  about  normal. 

Treatment: — Administer  a physic;  the  following  will  answer  very 
well: 

Epsom  Salts,  sixteen  ounces. 

Powdered  Ginger,  one  ounce. 

Gentian,  one-half  ounce. 

Warm  Beer,  one  quart. 

Warm  Water,  one  quart.  Mix. 

Give  at  one  dose.  Bathe  the  lower  part  of  the  abdomen  with 
SCOTCH  OIL  and  allow  the  animal  to  rest.  If  it  still  appears  uneasy 
give  the  following: 

Tincture  Opium,  two  ounces. 

Tincture  Ginger,  one  ounce. 

Tincture  Caspicum,  one-half  ounce. 

Whiskey,  one-half  pint.  Mix. 

Give  at  one  dose,  and,  if  the  pains  still  continue,  repeat  in  two  hours. 
Afterwards  give  SCOTCH  COMPOUND  to  tone  up  the  bowels, 


82 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Affections  of  the  Reticulum,  or  Second  Stomach. 

The  reticulum,  or  second  stomach,  of  the  ox  is  sometimes  the  seat  of 
trouble.  It  is  -this  stomach  which  presents  a honey-combed  appearance. 
The  usual  trouble  here  is  the  accumulation  of  foreign  bodies — such  as  pins, 
nails,  shoesoles,  pieces  of  tin,  wire,  etc. — which  cows  are  liable  to  pick  up. 
Many  of  these  articles  find  a resting  place  in  the  rumen,  or  first  stomach, 
but  some  pass  on  into  the  second  stomach.  Needles  or  nails  sometimes 
pierce  the  stomach  and  pass  out  to  the  ribs  or  on  through  the  flesh  and 
form  an  abscess,  finally  sloughing  their  way  out  of  the  animal’s  body. 
Others  may  pass  forward  through  Ihe  diaphragm  and  pierce  the  heart, 
causing  instant  death.  Others  may  pierce  the  walls  of  the  stomach  and 
excite  an  inflammation  there;  and  they  may  be  encased  in  tumors  which 
have  formed  around  them,  there  to  remain  for  months  or  even  years;  or 
abscesses  may  form  and  break,  assisting  to  destroy  the  life  of  the  animal. 
It  may  not  show  any  signs  of  illness  and  yet  have  within  the  stomach  quite 
an  accumulation  of  bits  of  iron,  etc.  But,  if  tumors  and  abscesses  form,  the 
animal  will  begin  to  lose  flesh;  an  intermittant  diarrhoea  will  be  noticed, 
with  rough  staring  <5oat  and  yellow  skin,  full  of  dandruff,  impaired  appetite, 
sunken  eyes,  and  aversion  to  movement.  The  treatment  is  unsatisfactory, 
as  the  offending  object  is  difficult  to  locate.  All  that  can  be  done  is  to  feed 
on  good,  soft,  nutritous  diet,  and,  if  able  to  locate  the  irritating  substance, 
operate  and  remove  it. 


Conjunctivitis,  or  Inflammation  of  the  Eyes. 

Inflammation  of  the  eyes  arises  from  various  causes,  such  as  blows  from 
sticks  or  stones,  being  struck  with  a whip,  dir  t or  chaff  getting  into  the  eye, 
foul  stables,  exposure  to  cold,  etc. 

Symptoms: — Swelling  of  the  eye-lids,  with  water  dropping  from  the 
inner  corners;  eye-lids  closed  most  of  the  time;  intolerance  of  light;  im- 
paired appetite;  feverishness;  conjunctiva  swollen  and  red,  with  a whitish 
film  covering  the  anterior  portion  of  the  eye-ball;  if  from  a bruise,  red 
streaks  of  blood  will  be  seen  rMiating  from  the  seat  of  injury. 

Treatment: — If  a foreign  body  is  in  the  eye,  remove  it;  bathe  the  eye 
well  with  hot  water  and  apply  SCOTCH  EYE  LOTION.  If  from 
other  causes  give  a physic — 

Epsom  Salts,  sixteen  ounces. 

Ginger,  one-half  ounce. 

Foenugreec,  one-half  ounce.  Mix. 

Give  at  one  dose.  Then  bathe  the  eyes  three  or  four  times  a day  with 
hot  water;  feed  on  soft  feed  and  apply  twice  daily — 

Powdered  Opium,  one  drachm. 

Hot  Soft  Water,  six  ounces.  Mix. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


83 


SCOTCH  EYE  LOTION  used  according  to  directions  is  better 
than  the  above.  Keep  the  patient  in  a clean,  dark,  airy  stable;  if  at  pasture^ 
and  only  one  eye  is  affected,  bandage  the  affected  eye. 


Dislocation  of  the  Patella,  or  Stife  Joint. 

Among  cattle  this  is  quite  a common  affection,  usually  resulting  from 
slipping  on  the  ice,  or  in  stables  where  the  drop  or  receptacle  for  manure  is 
very  deep  and  the  floors  not  well  cleaned. 


DISLOCATION  OF  THE  PATELLA. 

Symptoms: — When  once  seen  it  wrill  be  readily  recognized  again.  The 
animal  can  walk  only  on  three  legs;  the  stifled  one  will  be  dragged  along 
behind  and  will  be  stiff  and  rigid.  Where  the  patella  should  be,  when,  in 
position,  a hollow  spot  will  be  observed.  There  will  be  inability  to  flex  the 
affected  limb;  more  or  less  swelling  around  the  joint. 

Treatment: — Fasten  a strap  around  the  fetlock  of  the  dislocated  leg, 
pass  it  forward,  when  the  pastella  will  often  drop  into  place;  if  not,  press 
forward  on  the  bone  (which  is  always  on  the  outside)  and  it  will  readily  drop 
into  place.  Then  apply  a blister  or  SCOTCH  OIL  three  times  a day, 
until  the  lig^iments  are  strengthened. 


Enteritis,  or  Infammation  of  the  Bowels. 

Among  cattle  this  disease  is  not  very  frequent,  but  when  it  does  occur 
it  is  usually  very  fatal.  The  causes  are  obstruction  of  the  bowels;  feeding 
on  musty  hay;  drinking  ice-cold  water;  administration  of  powerful,  irritat- 
ing medicines;  change  of  feed,  etc. 


84 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Symptoms:— The  animal  will  be  seized  with  colicky  pains;  will  strike 
at  the  abdomen  with  the  hind  feet;  suspension  of  appetite  and  rumination; 
pulse,  at  first  full  and  hard,  gradually  growing  quick,  small  and  wiry:  the 
animal  lies  down  and  rises  up  frequently;  pain  is  constant;  moaning;  nose 
hot  and  dry;  mucous  membrane  very  red;  anxious  expression  of  countenance. 


ENTERITIS,  OF  INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  BOWELS. 


Treatment: — Place  the  animal  in  a comfortable  stall  well  bedded.  If 
the  disease  is  caused  by  obstruction  of  the  bowels  give  a mild  laxative — as  a 
pint  and  a half  of  sweet  oil,  or  a pound  of  sulphate  of  soda  in  half  a gallon 
of  water.  Follow  up  with  drachm  doses  of  powdered  opium,  to  relieve  the 
pain,  or  twenty-drop  doses  of  fluid  extract  aconite,  every  thirty  minutes 
until  relief  is  obtained.  Apply  to  the  abdomen  blankets  wrung  out  of  hot 
water,  and  rub  SCOTCH  OIL  on  the  abdomen  and  legs.  Blanket  well 
and  feed  on  soft  bran  mashes  for  a few  days,  to  relax  the  bowels.  Avoid 
giving  brisk  purgatives  as  evil  results  are  liable  to  follow  their  use. 


Infammation  of  the  Liver,  or  Hepatitis. 

Inflammation  of  the  liver  is  most  frequently  the  result  of  high  feeding 
in  warm  stables  without  sufficient  exercise  to  keep  the  circulation  of  the 
blood  active.  The  bowels  become  constipated  and  the  liver  suffers  from  an 
extra  amount  of  blood  sent  to  it,  cansing  congestion  and  resulting  in  in- 
flammation. 

Symptoms: — When  the  liver  is  first  attacked  with  congestion  the 
animal  exhibits  no  very  distressing  symptoms.  But  when  inflammation  sets 
in  the  pulse  is  slow  and  intermittent;  respiration  slow;  the  mucous  mem- 
branes are  pale  or  tinged  with  yellow;  bowels  constipated;  the  dung  harsh 
and  black;  urine  high  colored;  coat  staring,  dry  and  hard  to  the  touch; 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


85 


horns,  ears  and  legs  cold.  On  applying  pressure  to  the  right  side,  behind 
the  last  rib,  the  animal  will  evince  pain  and  try  to  get  away  from  you,  and 
sometimes  moan;  you  will  also  feel  a hard  tumor-like  substance. 


FIT  FROM  INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  LIVER. 

Treatment: — At  the  outset  give  a brisk  cathartic — 

Epsom  Salts,  twenty  ounces. 

Aloes,  one  ounce. 

Calomel,  two  drachms. 

Ginger,  one  ounce.  Mix. 

Give  in  a gallon  of  warm  water  at  one  dose.  After  the  physic  has 
operated,  give,  morning  and  evening  for  a week  or  ten  days,  in  a pint  of 
gruel,  the  following: 

Iodide  of  Potassium,  one  drachm. 

Calomel,  twenty  grains. 

Extract  Taraxacum,  two  drachms. 

Nitrate  of  Potassium,  two  drachms.  Mix. 

If  the  bowels  become  costive  give  a physic  or  COMPOUND  CON- 
DITION POWDERS  three  times  a day.  When  convalescence  is  estab- 
lished great  care  in  feeding  should  be  obseiwed.  Give  highly  nutritious 
food  in  limited  amounts,  and  that  which  is  easily  digested — as  scalded  bran 
mash,  linseed  meal,  boiled  barley,  turnips  and  choice  hay.  Sometimes  much 
benefit  is  derived  from  blisters  applied  on  the  right  side. 


Fits  From  Eating  Buckeyes  (CEscubis  Hippocastanum.) 

Buckeyes  are  nuts  which  grow  on  trees  in  a great  many  parts  of  this 
country.  In  the  autum,  when  they  fall  to  the  ground,  they  are  a source  of 


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EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


great  annoyance  to  the  farmers  who  use  forest  pasture  lands.  Some  cattle 
ard  particularly  fond  of  these  nuts  and  eat  them  readily,  seldom,  however, 
eating  them  a second  time  if  they  eat  many  the  first.  When  once  observed 
the  symptoms  will  never  be  forgotten  For  a whille  the  animal  will  appear 
dull  and  stupid;  respirations  natural;  pulse,  at  first  full  and  quick,  gradually 
growing  small,  weak  and  rapid.  When  the  animal  attempts  to  walk  it  stag- 
gers around  like  a drunken  man,  striking  all  around  with  its  forelegs  and 
falling  in  almost  any  position  as  if  in  a fit.  After  lying  a short  time  it  gets 


FITS  FROM  EATING  BUCKETS . 


up  very  awkwardly  and  may  stand  perfectly  quiet;  but,  if  forced  to  walk,  it 
will  stagger  around  until  it  either  regains  its  balance  or  falls  to  the  ground. 
The  animal  may  lie  perfectly  quiet,  stretched  out  on  the  ground  for  two  or 
three  days,  and  if  relief  is  not  obtained,  death  ends  the  scene.  By  pressure 
on  the  stomach  you  will  generally  feel  the  offending  agents.  There  will  be 
involuntary  twitchings  of  the  muscles  and  grinding  of  the  teeth. 

Treatment: — When  first  noticed  give  a brisk  physic  to  expel  the 
buckeyes — 

Epsom  Salts,  twenty-four  grains. 

Powdered  Aloes,  one  ounce. 

Ginger,  one  ounce.  Mix. 

Put  in  a gallon  of  water  and  give  at  one  dose.  Give  per  rectum  frequent 
injections  of  warm  water.  If  within  twenty-four  hours  the  animal  is  not 
convalescent,  rumenotomy  should  be  performed  (see  Impaction  of  the 
Rumen),  after  which  give  SCOTCH  COMPOUND  three  times  a day 
according  to  directions.  Peed  on  soft  feed — as  bran  mash,  or  linseed  gruel. 
The  balance  of  the  herd  should  be  moved  to  other  pasture,  or  the  nuts 
should  be  gathered  and  destroyed. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


87 


Impaction  of  the  Omaseem,  or  Fardel-Bound. 

Impaction  of  the  manifolds,  or  third  stomach  of  the  ox,  is  sometimes 
met  with;  more  especially  when  the  cattle  are  poorly  kept  during  the  winter 
season  and  are  fed  on  innutritions  food,  containing  a great  amount  of  woody 
fibre.  Even  soft,  nutritious  food,  when  thoroughly  masticated,  appears 


very  dry  whUe  passing  through  the  manifolds  of  the  third  stomach.  Con- 
sequently when  the  food  is  innutritions,  dry,  possessing  a vast  amount  of 
woody  fibre,  it  is  liable  to  become  impacted  while  passing  through  this 
stomach. 

Symptoms: — At  first  the  animal  may  be  uneasy,  but  this  is  only  of 
short  duration,  as  it  soon  grows  dull  and  stupid,  resting  its  head  upon  the 
manger  or  on  other  objects.  The  head  is  carried  low  down;  appetite  and 
rumination  are  suspended;  if  in  a cow  the  flow  of  milk  decreases;  the 
tongue  protrudes  from  the  mouth;  eyes  are  staring  and  blood-shot;  colicky 
pains  arise;  the  tail  is  switched  from  side  to  side.  The  first  stomach  some- 
times fills  up  with  gas;  then  the  breathing  is  accelerated.  The  eyes  are 
affected  and  will  bear  the  touch  of  the  finger  without  closing  the  lid.  Some- 
times the  brain  is  affected,  when  the  animal  will  rush  around  as  though  it 
were  mad,  fall  down  and  struggle  as  if  in  a fit,  when  death  puts  an  end  to 
its  misery.  Sometimes  the  dung  passed  while  the  animal  is  straining  will 
be  thin  and  frequently  blood  and  mucous  are  passed.  The  urine  is  high 
colored;  pulse  at  first  full  and  natural  but  gradually  growing  weaker.  The 
disease  may  last  but  a day,  or  it  may  continue  for  a week. 

Treatment: — Give  a good,  brisk  cathartic,  as  the  following: 

Epsom  Salts,  two  pounds. 

Calomel,  two  drachms. 

Gentian,  one  ounce.  Mix. 


8S 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Give  in  half  a gallon  of  warm  beer.  Follow  this  up  with  hourly  in- 
jections of  warm  water  and  castile  soap,  as  long  as  deemed  advisable. 
Allow  all  the  water  an  animal  will  drink,  but  allow  no  food  until  the  bowels 
are  moved  by  the  physic.  If  the  first  stomach  bloats  up  draw  off  the  gas 
with  a probang  or  trocar  and  canula.  Rub  the  legs  with  SCOTCH  OIL. 
Blanket  well  to  keep  the  body  warm  and  give  the  following  stimulant  every 
two  hours,  in  a quart  of  warm  beer: 

Aromatic  Spirits  of  Ammonia,  two  ounces. 

Tincture  Nux  Vomica,  two  drachms. 

Tincture  Ginger,  one  ounce.  Mix. 

Never  bleed  in  this  disease  as  it  is  dangerous,  even  while  the  animal  has 
a full  pulse.  Be  careful  after  giving  the  first  dose  not  to  give  any  more 
physic  for  forty-eight  hours.  Then,  if  the  bowels  do  not  move,  give  half  of 
the  first  dose. 


Impaction  of  the  Rumen, 

This  affection  is  quite  common  among  cattle.  It  is  caused  by  cattle 
eating  too  large  quantities  of  food  which  they  may  particularly  like  and  of 
which  previously  they  may  have  been  deprived.  Cattle  are  particularly 
fond  of  clover,  and  if  deprived  of  it  for  some  time,  and  then  obtaining  free 


access  to  it,  they  are  liable  to  eat  so  much  that  the  stomach  becomes  so 
gorged  that  the  muscular  coats  become  partially  paralyzed.  Or  cattle  that 
have  gained  access  to  a large  quantity  of  grain  will  devour  a large  amount 
of  it,  overloading  the  stomach  and  causing  impaction  with  more  or  less 
tympanitis. 

Symptoms: — Usually,  at  first,  the  symptoms  are  not  severe.  The 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


89 


animal  will  appear  dull,  and  possibly,  somewhat  distressed;  bowels  consti- 
pated; appetite  and  rumination  suspended;  nose  dry  and  mouth  hot;  pulse 
full  at  first  but  growing*  gradually  faster  and  weaker;  horns,  ears  and  legs 
grow  cold;  labored  respiration;  sometimes  the  animal  will  groan  or  grunt, 
and  the  breath  be  foetid  or  sour;  paleness  of  the  visible  mucous  membranes; 
if  lying  down  the  animal  usually  lies  on  the  right  side.  By  pressing  the 
fingers  on  the  contents  of  the  stomach  will  be  felt  like  a hard  mass  within 
it  and  will  pit,  upon  pressure,  leaving  the  indentions  of  the  fingers  there 
for  some  time.  On  percussion  the  resonant  sound  is  absent,  unless  tympan- 
itis supervenes;  but  if  no  gas  is  present,  the  doughy  feel  of  the  stomach 
remains. 

Treatment: — If  there  is  tympanitis  relieve  by  giving  the  following: 

Liquor  Ammonia,  one  ounce. 

Tincture  Ginger,  one-half  ounce. 

Water,  one  quart.  Mix. 

Or,  pass  the  hollow  probang,  or  tap  with  the  trocar  and  canula;  after 
which  give  at  one  dose  in  a gallon  of  warm  water  the  following: 

Epsom  Salts,  twenty-four  ounces. 

Ginger,  one  ounce.  Mix. 

Give  repeated  injections  of  castile  soap  and  warm  water,  and  every  two 
hours  give  the  following: 

Aromatic  Spirits  of  Ammonia,  two  ounces. 

Ginger,  one  ounce. 

Warm  Beer,  one  quart.  Mix. 

If  the  bowels  fail  to  respond  in  from  twenty  four  to  thirty  hours  rumen- 
otomy  should  be  performed,  as  later  the  animal  may  become  exhausted  and 
unable  to  stand  the  operation.  The  operation  should  be  performed  as  fol- 
lows: First  prepare  yourself  with  the  necessary  instruments,  which  consist 
of  a scalpel  or  an  ordinary  sharp  jack-knife,  two  pairs  of  hooks,  needles, 
white  silk  thread  of  the  heaviest  kind,  some  clean  white  linen  cloths,  a 
sponge  and  a pail  full  of  clean  warm  water.  Next  fasten  the  animal  by 
ropes  with  the  right  side  against  the  stall  or  fence;  be  sure  to  fasten  it 
securely,  so  it  cannot  get  away;  have  three  or  four  assistants  to  hold  it  up 
and  steady  it.  Commence  the  operation  by  making  an  incision  through  the 
skin  midway  between  the  last  rib  and  the  point  of  the  hip,  and  about  five 
inches  from  the  bones  which  protrude  from  the  back  (vertebrse).  The  in- 
cision should  be  downward  and  about  eight  inches  in  length.  Then  divide 
the  muscles  successively  and  cut  through  the  peritoneum.  Lastly  the  walls 
of  the  stomach  should  be  divided  about  the  centre;  first  make  a small  open- 
ing into  the  stomach;  then  secure  the  edges  of  the  stomach  with  hooks  and 
gradually  pull  it  outward,  while  the  incision  is  being  lengthened  both  up- 
ward and  downward,  but  not  to  the  extent  of  the  external  opening.  The 
edges  of  the  wound  in  the  stomach  should  be  drawn  outward  to  cover  the 


90 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


external  wound  so  as  not  to  allow  any  of  the  food  to  fall  into  the  abdominal 
cavity,  as  that  would  surely  cause  the  death  of  the  patient.  The  hand  is 
then  introduced  and  about  three-fourths  of  the  contents  of  the  stomach 
removed,  leaving*  about  one-fourth  behind.  Be  careful  not  to  leave  any 
hard,  dry  lumps.  You  may  then  pour  into  the  stomach  through  the  opening 
the  following: 

Epsom  Salts,  ten  ounces. 

Warm  Beer,  one  quart. 

Warm  Water,  one  quart.  Mix. 

Next  wash  off  the  wound  and  sew  up  the  stomach  with  the  uninter- 
rupted suture,  bringing  the  edges  neatly  together.  Then  stitch  up  the 
muscles  in  layers,  taking  deep  stitches  with  the  uninterrupted  sutures. 
Lastly  sew  up  the  skin  in  the  same  manner.  Immediately  after  apply 
SCOTCH  OINTMENT.  Continue  its  use  until  the  wound  is  healed. 
The  food  should  be  light  aud  soft,  of  the  most  nutritious  kind,  and  given  in 
small  quantities.  If  the  wound  heals  except  a small  opening  scarify  its 
edges  and  stitch  them  together  again. 


Hide-Bound. 

A great  many  diseases  of  the  alimentary  canal  in  cattle  cause  great  de- 
pletion in  flesh,  whereby  the  skin  assumes  an  unhealthy  appearance;  the 
cellular  tissue  loses  its  elasticity,  and,  to  all  appearance,  the  skin  is  fastened 
to  the  bone.  Then  ihe  animal  is  said  to  be  hide-bound,  when,  in  reality, 
the  disease  exists  in  the  alimentary  canal,  and  the  tightened  appearance  of 
the  skin  is  only  a symptom  of  some  other  affection,  such  as  indigestion, 
diarrhoea,  disease  of  the  liver,  or  failure  of  the  secretory  glands  in  the  in- 
testines to  perform  their  work.  Some  animals  present  a pinched-up,  poor, 
unthrifty  appearance,  without  any  tendency  to  take  on  flesh.  Such  animals 
may  have  some  derangement  of  the  system  over  which  medicines  would 
have  no  control,  and  may  be  classed  as  worthless,  as  you  cannot  make  beef 
out  of  them,  and  they  are  useless  in  the  dairy.  The  treatment  should  be  to 
find^out  the  real  cause  of  the  trouble,  which  is  generally  in  the  alimentary 
canal,  and  if  this  is  properly  treated  the  skin  will  soon  assume  a healthy 
appearance.  But  I know  of  no  disease  among  the  lower  animals  which 
could  properly  be  called  hide-bound. 


Pneumonia,  or  Inflammation  of  the  Lungs. 

Inflammation  of  the  lungs  may  have  various  causes,  such  as  exposure 
to  cold  aud  damp;  being  kept  in  filthy,  ill  ventilated  stables;  a morbid  con- 
dition of  the  blood — the  lungs,  in  their  endeavor  to  throw  off  its  impurities, 
becoming  altered  in  tissue  with  inflammation  as  the  result;  injuries,  etc. 

Symptoms: — The  disease  is  generally  ushered  in  with  a shivering  chill, 
which  is  not  always  noticed,  after  which  the  animals  appear  dull  and  stiff. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


91 


The  skin  is  dry  and  harsh;  coat  staring;  nose  dry;  mouth  hot;  pulse,  at  first 
full  and  strong — from  fifty  to  sixty  beats  per  minute — later  becoming  small, 
weak  and  rapid;  mucous  membranes  are  red;  slight  cough;  anxious  counte- 
nance ;cbieathing  short,  quick  and  chiefly  abdominal,  the  chest  and  ribs  being 
held,  as  much  a possible,  in  a fixed  position;  bowels  constipated;  urine  scant 


INFLAMMATION  OP  THE  LUNGS. 

and  high  colored;  patient  lies  down  most  of  the  time;  dullness  on  per- 
cussion; on  applying  the  ear  to  the  sides  of  the  chest  no  respiratory  mur- 
mur will  be  heard  over  the  affected  part,  but  the  unaffected  portion  will  be 
heard  with  increased  force;  as  the  disease  advances  the  legs  and  ears  be- 
come cold,  the  breath  becomes  foetid  and  shorter,  and  an  unfavorable  termi- 
nation seems  imminent. 

Treatment: — When  first  seen,  while  yet  the  pulse  is  full,  bleed  to  the 
amount  of  two  quarts;  but,  should  the  pulse  be  weak,  do  not  bleed,  and  give 
every  three  or  four  hours  two  ounces  of  the  following,  in  a little  water  as  a 
drench: 

Liq.  Ammonia  Acet.,  twelve  ounces. 

Spirits  Aeth.  Nit.,  four  ounces. 

Fluid  Extract  Aconite,  two  drachms.  Mix. 

Also  give  the  following  powders  every  four  or  five  hours: 

Quinine  Sulph.,  three  drachms. 

Dover’s  Powders,  one  ounce.  Mix. 

Make  into  twelve  powders.  If  the  bowels  are  constipated  give — 

Epsom  Salts,  twelve  ounces. 

Ginger,  one-half  ounce.  Mix. 

Give  in  two  quarts  of  warm  water.  Apply  SCOTCH  OIL  freely  to 
the  sides  of  the  chest:  feed  on  soft  feed;  blanket  well;  allow  the  patient  to 
breathe  cold,  fresh  air  and  give  plenty  of  fresh,  cold  w'ater;  if  the  limbs 
become  cold  rub  them  thoroughly  with  dilute  alcohol  and  bandage. 


92 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Inversion  of  the  Bladder. 

Among  cattle  this  is  not  a very  common  affliction,  except  during  difflcult 
labor.  However  it  may  occur  from  other  causes,  as  administration  of  pow- 
erful diuretics  ; use  of  too  much  cantharides,  either  internally  or  exter- 
nally; any  irritation  of  the  bladder  causing  continuous  straining.  By 


violent  attempts  to  pass  water,  followed  by  continuous  straining,  the  vagina 
is  ruptured  and  the  bladder  is  everted,  when  it  appears  as  a red  fluctuating 
tumor  gradually  filling  with  water,  as  it  is  unable  to  discharge  its  contents 
owing  to  the  twisted  condition  of  the  neck  of  the  bladder. 

Treatment: — Oil  the  hands  with  sweet  oil  and  carefully  replace  the 
bladder ; then  draw  off  the  urine  and,  while  the  catheter  remains  in  position 
inject  a decoction  of  opium  and  warm  water.  Then,  if  possible  stitch  up 
the  rupture  in  the  vagina  and  allay  the  irritation  and  overcome  the  strain- 
ing by  giving  dram  doses  of  powdered  opium  every  hour  until  relieved  ; or 
you  may  give  twelve-grain  doses  of  sulphate  of  morphia  until  relieved. 
Afterwards  give  a physic : 

Magnesia  Sulph.,  twelve  ounces. 

Sulphate  of  Soda,  eight  ounces. 

Ginger,  six  drachms.  Mix. 

Give  at  one  dose  in  a gallon  of  water.  To  assist  in  preventing  the 
straining  tie  a rope  or  strap  tightly  around  the  body  immediately  over  the 
loins. 

Inversion  of  the  Vagina. 

"W  ith  cows  this  is  quite  a common  occurrence  and  is  the  ^result  of  diffi- 
cult parturition,  the  animal  receiving  some  injury  therein ; also  is  caused 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


93 


by  tumors  in  the  vagina  or  womb ; straining  after  calving  ; retention  of  the 
placenta  or  afterbirth ; swinging  animals  so  the  whole  weight  is  upon  the 
abdomen,  etc. 

Treatment  : — First  ascertain  the  cause  and,  if  possible,  remove  it ; 
then  oil  the  hands  with  sweet  oil  and  carefully  press  the  vagina  into  posi- 
tion ; then  wash  it  thoroughly  with  a decoction  of  opium.  Place  the  animal 
in  a stall,  with  the  hind  parts  elevated  fifteen  or  twenty  inches  above  the 
front.  Then  apply  a truss  of  rope,  fasten  it  around  the  neck  and  bring  the 
ropes  straight  down  along  the  back ; pass  one  down  on  each  side  of  the  tail 
to  the  udder,  and  on  each  side  between  the  udder  and  hind  leg  ; fetch  it  up 
past  the  flank  and  tie  it  just  over  the  loins  to  the  rope  coming  down  the 
back.  Then  make  a few  circles  around  the  body  and  tie  the  ends  of  the  rope 
securely.  Thus  you  have  the  animal  harnessed  securely  so  that  it  cannot 
strain  any,  as  the  back  will  be  kept  in  a straight  line.  Give  twelve-grain 
doses  of  morphia  every  hour  until  the  attempts  at  straining  cease  ; also 
inject  every  three  or  four  hours  into  the  vagina  a decoction  of  opium.  If 
the  bowels  become  constipated  give  a mild  physic  and  feed  on  soft  nutritious 
food,  with  a teaspoonful  of  SCOTCH  COMPOUND  twice  a day. 


Lice. 

Cattle  are  affected  by  several  kinds  of  lice  but  those  chiefly  met  with 
are  the  small  red  lice  and  the  large  gray  ones  which  have  black  spots  on 
their  backs  and  sides.  They  are  most  frequently  seen  on  poor  debilitated 
cattle  that  are  poorly  fed  and  cared  for.  Their  propagation  is  very  rapid  : 
when  an  animal  becomes  infested  they  are  soon  numbered  by  thousands  and 
the  whole  herd  is  speedily  possessed  by  them.  They  may  be  speedily  exter- 
minated by  the  use  of  some  of  the  following  remedies : Take  one  pound  of 
staves-acre  seeds,  soft  water  two  gallons  ; place  over  the  fire  and  simmer 
down  to  one  gallon.  Sponge  the  animal  all  over  and  repeat  every  third  day 
until  three  applications  have  been  made.  Or,  take  leaf  tobacco  one  pound, 
water  two  gallons ; boil  thoroughly  and  apply  every  other  day  for  four  or 
five  times.  Or,  take  blue  ointment  and  ruu  it  back  of  the  horns  and  down 
the  back  every  third  day  for  three  applications  ; this  is  the  most  dangerous 
and  the  animal  must  be  kept  tied  so  it  cannot  lick  itself ; also  protect  it 
from  storms.  If  the  staves-acre  can  be  obtained  it  will  be  found  to  be  the 
most  effective. 


Pleurisy. 

The  term  pleurisy  is  used  to  denote  an  inflammation  of  the  membrane 
covering  the  heart  and  lungs,  which  is  also  the  lining  membrane  of  the 
chest.  Sometimes  pleurisy  occurs  in  pneumonia  or  inflammation  of  the 
lungs  on  account  of  the  proximity  of  this  membrane  to  the  lung  tissue. 


94 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Sometimes  it  occurs  as  a separate  and  independent  disease.  The  causes  are 
exposure  to  wet  and  cold  ; filthy  stables  ; sudden  change  by  being  turned 
from  warm  stables  into  the  cold  ; injuries  to  the  chest,  etc. 


PLEURISY. 

Symptoms  : — The  animal  appears  dull  and  stiff,  without  desire  to  walk 
around.  Fever  is  present  from  the  beginning  of  the  attack.  The  breath- 
ing is  chiefly  abdominal,  the  chest  being  held,  as  far  as  possible,  in  a fixed 
position.  The  patient  seldom  coughs  as  the  act  is  very  painful.  The  pulse 
is  wiry,  ranging  about  sixty  beats  per  minute.  The  head  is  carried  low 
with  drooping  ears.  Appetite  and  rumination  are  suspended  ; nose  dry ; 
eyes  about  half  closed.  On  applying  the  ear  to  the  part  affected  a grating 
sound  is  heard,  although  the  lungs  give  forth  a healthy  respiratory  mur- 
mur; pressure  between  the  ribs  causes  great  pain  sometimes  causing  the 
animal  to  groan  or  grunt.  While  breathing  inspiration  is  short,  becomes 
painful,  while  the  expiration  is  more  easily  performed  and  therefore 
lengthened. 

Treatment  : — Put  the  animal  in  a good  comfortable  place  and  blanket 
well.  Apply  poultices  of  linseed  meal  to  the  chest ; in  its  absence  poultice 
freely  with  mustard.  Give  every  two  hours  two  ounces  of  the  following 
mixture : 

Liq.  Ammonia  Acet.,  twelve  ounces. 

Spirits  ^th.,  four  ounces. 

Fluid  Extract  Aconite,  two  drams.  Mix. 

Regulate  the  bowels  by  giving  a pint  and  a half  of  raw  linseed  oil  and 
injections  per  rectum  of  warm  water  every  two  hours.  Also  give  one  of  the 
following  powders  every  six  hours  : 

Nitrate  of  Potassium,  two  ounces. 

Chlorate  of  Potassium,  one  ounce. 

Iodide  of  Potassium,  one  ounce.  Mix. 

Make  into  twelve  powders.  If  it  terminates  in  resolution  the  disease 
will  last  but  a few  days ; but  if  it  terminates  in  hydrothorax,  or  water  in  the 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


95 


chest,  it  may  last  some  considerable  time  and  require  a different  treatment. 
If  there  is  much  effusion  into  the  chest  it  should  be  drawn  off  with  a trocar 
and  canula.  The  place  to  pass  the  trocar  and  canula  is  between  the  eighth 
and  ninth  ribs ; after  they  are  inserted  withdraw  the  trocar  and  allow  the 
canula  to  remain  until  all  the  fluid  runs  out.  Sometimes  bands  of  lymph 
plug  up  the  canula ; these  should  be  removed  with  a long  needle.  After  the 
fluid  has  all  drained  out  remove  the  canula.  Then  administer  tonics  and 
stimulants  to  support  the  system.  Give  every  six  hours  one  of  the  following 
powders : 

Powdered  Digitalis,  six  drachms. 

Nit.  Potass.,  one  and  one-half  ounces. 

Sulphate  of  Iron,  two  ounces. 

Powdered  Nux  Vomica,  one  ounce.  Mix. 

Make  eight  powders.  Give  in  a pint  of  warm  beer.  Also  give  twice  a 
day  dram  doses  of  Iodide  of  potassium,  with  four  ounces  of  brandy  and  a 
little  water.  Feed  on  soft  nutritious  diet. 


Sore  Teats- 

Around  the  teats  some  cows  are  more  tender  than  others.  The  skin  is 
tender  and  easily  cracked,  forming  open  and  indolent  sores  which  are  hard 
to  heal.  These  sore  may  occur  at  any  season  of  the  year  and  are  most  com- 
monly seen  on  cows  which  have  just  calved.  Cow-pox  is  liable  to  break  out 
on  the  teats  at  any  time  and  to  cause  considerable  annoyance.  It  first  forms 
a round  blister  which  bursts  and  discharges  a bluish  liquid.  It  then  scabs 
over  with  a thick  crust  which  cracks  open  during  milking,  or  comes  loose 


TEAT  SYPHON. 


around  the  edges ; or  comes  off  altogether,  when  it  leaves  a small  depression 
in  the  structure  of  the  teat.  It  gives  considerable  annoyance  to  the  milk- 
man, as  the  sores  frequently  bleed  and  his  hands  become  covered  with  mat- 
ter, and  blood  frequently  gets  into  the  milk.  When  the  teats  are  in  this 
condition  calves  should  not  be  allowed  to  suck  as  it  aggravates  the  sores  and 
tends  to  make  the  cows  professional  kickers.  SCOTCH  OINTMENT 
will  be  found  to  be  very  beneficial,  especially  during  the  season  of  flies. 
Use  SCOTCH  OINTMENT  according  to  directions.  Great  care  should 
be  exercised  in  milking  such  animals  and  if  badly  affected  the  teat  syphon 
should  be  used. 


96 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Mammitis,  or  Infammation  of  the  Udder.. 

Inflammation  of  the  udder  arises  from  many  causes,  such  as  bruises, 
wounds,  bites  of  insects  and  reptiles;  allowing  the  animal  to  go  unmilked 
for  a day  or  so;  taking  cold;  rheumatism  and  other  fevers;  being  over- 
heated ; allowing  a superabundance  of  milk  to  remain  in  the  udder  previous 
to  calving.  The  last  named  is  the  most  frequent  cause  among  cattle  of  all 
ages;  but  especially  with  young  cows  which  are  having  their  first  calf. 

Symptoms: — Inflammation  of  the  udder  may  exist  in  a mild  form  for  a 
few  days  and  then  subside,  without  any  alarming  symptoms  beyond  a slight 
increase  in  heat  around  the  affected  parts.  But  with  the  severe  form  there 
will  be  considerable  fever  and  dullness.  The  animal  will  have  a capricious 
appetite  and  rumination  be  partially  suspended;  bowels  slightly  constipated; 
the  udder  becomes  very  hot,  swoolen  and  tender;  milk  will  be  decreased 
and  sometimes  totally  suspended;  skin  covering  the  udder  is  very  red  and 
glistening;  if  only  one  or  two  quarters  of  the  bag  are  affected  they  will 
appear  and  feel  like  hard  tumors  and  may  continue  swollen  for  some  time 
The  operation  of  milking  is  performed  with  difficulty  on  account  of  the 
painful  condition  of  the  udder.  The  milk  from  the  affected  quarters  will  be 
thick  and  curd-like  and  frequently  streaked  with  blood.  If  not  relieved 
suppuration  takes  place  within  the  udder,  the  hardened  parts  becoming  soft 
and  discharging  matter  during  the  operation  of  milking;  or  the  affected 
quarter  may  point  and  break  externally,  in  which  case  its  usefulness  is 
generally  gone  forever. 


BANDAGE  FOR  SUPPORTING  THE  UDDER. 

Treatment: — If  properly  attended  to  when  first  noticed  mammitis  will 
generally  result  satisfactorily.  But  if  left  unattended  for  some  time  the 
opposite  state  of  affairs  is  certain.  Put  the  animal  in  a good  dry  comfort- 
able place,  free  from  drafts,  and  administer  in  a gallon  of  warm  water  the 
following: 

Magnesia  Sulph.,  one  pound. 

Ginger,  one  ounce. 

Nitrate  of  Potassium,  two  drachms.  Mix. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


97 


Afterwards  apply  to  the  udder,  for  two  hours  at  a time,  fomentations  of 
hot  water;  to  each  gallon  of  water  used  add  four  ounces  of  powdered 
sulphate  of  iron.  Immediately  after  bathing  apply  a hop  poultice  as  hot  as 
can  be  borne;  or  a poultice  of  fried  onions  will  do  as  well.  Use  a broad 
bandage  and  tie  it  up  around  the  back  to  support  the  bag.  If  the  animal 
shows  signs  of  high  fever  administer  the  following  draught  every  four  or 
five  hours: 

Liq.  Ammonia  Acet.,  four  ounces. 

Fluid  Ext.  Aconite,  fifteen  drops. 

Spirits  Aeth.  Nit.,  one  ounce. 

Water,  one  quart.  Mix. 

Milk  the  patient  frequently,  but  if  it  causes  much  pain,  insert  the  teat 
syphon.  Occasionally  rubbing  the  bag  with  fluid  extract  belladonna  is 
frequently  beneficial.  If  the  udder  still  remains  hard  apply  SCOTCH 
OIL  three  times  a day  from  the  commencement  of  the  attack  until  the  end. 
If  mortification  sets  in  cut  out  that  quarter  of  the  bag  and  dress  frequently 
with  SCOTCH  OINTMENT.  Feed  on  soft,  nutritious  diet,  ond  keep 
as  clean  as  possible. 


Splenic  Apoplexy. 

This  disease  seldom  occurs  except  among  cattle  which  are  fed  for  beef 
and  fattened  rapidly.  It  consists  of  a poisonous  ferment  created  within  the 
blood  itself  during  an  unnaturally  plethoric  condition  of  the  system;  and  it 
is  demonstrated  by  the  ext)  avasation  of  blood  throughout  the  intestinal 
canal,  brain,  serous  membranes,  pericardium,  etc.,  as  found  in  post  mortem 
examination.  That  it  is  poisonous  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  dogs  and  pigs 
have  died  within  a few  hours  after  eating  the  flesh,  and  that  men  have  died 
from  cutting  themselves  while  skinning  animals  dead  from  this  disease. 

Symptoms: — Great  excitement;  eyes  staring;  mucous  membranes  red; 
mouth  hot  and  dry;  urine  and  manure  mixed  with  blood;  colicky  pains; 
breathing  accelerated  and  short;  pulse,  from  full  and  hard  becomes  quick 
and  feeble  and  almost  imperceptible.  These  symptoms  are  not  always  ob- 
served, as  the  disease  is  of  such  short  duration;  the  animal  may  be  left  to 
all  appearance  perfectly  well  in  the  evening  and  found  dead  in  the  morning. 

Treatment: — When  seen  in  the  first  stages  give  immediately  the  fol- 
lowing: 

Epsom  Salts,  sixteen  ounces. 

Chloride  of  Sodium,  twelve  ounces. 

Calomel,  two  drachms. 

Ginger,  one  ounce. 

Warm  Beer,  two  quarts;  or  Warm  Water,  one  gallon.  Mix. 


98 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Constantly  apply  cold  water  or  ice  to  the  head  and  give  every  two  hours 
the  following: 

Carbonate  of  Ammonia,  two  drachms. 

Ginger,  one  drachm. 

Beer,  one  quart.  Mix, 

Bleeding  is  sometimes  beneficial. 


Strangulation  of  the  Intestines  or  “Gut-Tie.’" 

This  disease  is  seen  only  in  steers  and  work  oxen.  When  the  animal  is 
castrated  the  spermatic  cord  recedes  and  becomes  adherent  to  the  abdominal 
ring.  The  cord  is  united  to  the  pelvic  bones  by  a fold  of  peritoneum,  which 
by  pressure  is  sometimes  ruptured  and  allows  the  gut  to  pass  in  and  out  and 
thus  become  strangulated. 

SYMPTOMS  : — The  animal  appears  dull ; colicky  pains  are  present ; 
appetite  and  rumination  suspended ; frequent  straining  with  great  effort, 
but  nothing  passed  save  a little  mucus  and  possibly  blood  ; pains  become 
more  violent  and  the  animal  kicks  at  its  belly  with  the  hind  feet,  lies  down 
and  quickly  rises  again  ; pulse  small  and  quick  ; the  animal  points  its  nose 
to  the  affected  side  ; moaning  and  grinding  of  the  teeth  frequently  occur  ; 
pressure  upon  the  right  side  causes  great  pain  ; the  back  is  curved  down- 
ward ; administration  of  purgatives  produces  alarming  symptoms. 

Treatment  : — The  only  sure  treatment  is  by  operating.  Place  the 
animal  with  its  left  side  against  a stall  and  fasten  there  securely.  Make  an 
incision  in  the  right  side  large  enough  to  admit  the  hand.  Pass  the  hand 
down  to  examine  the  abdominal  rings  and  trace  up  the  cord.  When  you 
come  to  the  strangulation  sever  the  adhesions  of  the  cord  and  the  intestine 
is  then  liberated.  Draw  out  the  cord  and  excise  two  or  three  inches,  then 
return  it,  and  treat  as  an  ordinary  wound  by  applying  SCOTCH  OINT- 
MENT. 


Warbles,  or  Grubs  Under  the  Skin. 

This  is  really  no  disease  but  simply  the  manner  in  which  an  insect, 
called  the  (Estrus  Bo  vis,  develops  itself.  During  the  warm  months  of  sum- 
mer this  insect,  flies  about  and  attacks  cattle  by  piercing  the  skin  and  de- 
positing an  egg  in  the  orifice.  In  the  course  of  time  a swelling  is  observed, 
caused  by  the  deposition  of  lymph  and  the  development  of  the  larvae  from 
the  egg,  which  is  in  time  discharged  by  the  process  of  suppuration.  It  may 
fall  upon  the  ground  or  in  the  stable.  If  the  temperature  is  sufficiently 
warm  to  develop  it,  it  puts  forth  wings  and  soon  begins  to  deposit  eggs  for 
the  continuance  of  its  race  in  the  manner  already  described.  Sometimes 
there  are  a number  of  these  tumors  that  acquire  the  size  of  a butternut,  and 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


99 


suppurate  and  discharge  to  such  a degree  that  they  call  for  treatment. 
This  consists  of  pressing  them  out  and  using  some  mild  astringent  lotion ; 
the  following  will  suffice  : 

7 Zinc  Sulphate,  two  drachms. 

Acetate  of  Lead,  two  drachms. 

Water,  ten  ounces.  Mix. 

Apply  twice  daily. 


Parturient  Apoplexy. 

This  disease  is  seen  in  all  breeds  of  cattle  and  generally  attacks  cows 
which  give  large  quantities  of  rich  milk.  It  is  seldom  seen  during  the  first, 
second  or  third  calving  period,  but  usually  from  that  time  on,  and  almost 
always  in  cows  that  are  highly  fed  and  in  good  flesh.  It  usually  occurs 
within  three  days  after  calving,  and  is  very  fatal — fully  one-half  of  those 
attacked  die.  If  recovery  does  result  great  care  should  be  taken  at  the 
next  time  of  calving,  as  a recurrence  of  the  attack  at  that  lime  is  frequent 
and  generally  proves  fatal. 

Symptoms  : — Usually  between  the  first  and  third  day  after  calving  the 
cow  will  stand  around  dull  and  stupid  ; appetite,  rumination  and  milk  will 
be  suspended — ^or  only  a slight  flow  of  milk  present ; the  cow  walks  as  if 
weak  across  the  back : staggers  around  shaking  her  head ; as  the  disease 
advances  she  falls  to  the  ground  unable  to  rise  again.  She  may  rest  in  a 
recumbent  position  with  her  head  carried  around  to  her  side,  or  she  may  lie 
stretched  out  upon  her  side  with  her  head  lying  upon  the  ground.  Some- 
times the  head  is  shaken  viciously  from  side  to  side,  endangering  those 
about  her  and  liable  to  break  off  her  horns.  Occasionally,  but  not  often,  a 
few  kicks  with  the  feet  are  given.  The  eyes  become  glassy  and  staring, 
soon  growing  insensible  to  the  touch,  with  total  blindness.  Sometimes  the 
eye-lids  will  quiver  and  jerk  for  some  time.  The  pulse,  at  first  full  and 
soft,  later  on  becomes  slower  and  feebler,  gradually  becoming  almost  imper- 
ceptible. The  breathing,  at  first  almost  normal,  becomes  gradually  slower, 
prolonged  and  difficult ; and  frequently  a rattling  sound  is  heard  within  the 
wind-pipe  At  the  commencement  of  the  attack  the  temperature  will  range 
from  103°  to  104°  F.,  and  as  the  disease  progresses  will  gradually  sink  to  3°  or 
4°  below  normal.  At  first  the  bowels  may  appear  loose,  but  soon  become 
constipated,  and  the  urine  is  usually  retained  within  the  bladder. 

Treatment  : — I wish  here  to  impress  upon  the  reader’s  mind  that  to  be 
successful  in  the  treatment  of  parturient  apoplexy  demands  persistent 
attendance  until  death  has  actually  occurred.  I have  seen  cases,  where  the 
owner  considered  treatment  useless  and  momentarily  looked  for  death, 
make  complete  recovery.  If  the  patient  is  seen  when  the  pulse  is  still  full 


PARTURIENT  APOPLEXY. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


101 


and  strong  bleed  to  the  amount  of  six  quarts  : but  if  the  pulse  is  weak  and 
the  animal  down,  with  the  eyes  insensible  to  light,  do  not  bleed.  As  soon  as 
possible  give  the'  following  physic  : 

Epsom  Salts,  twenty  ounces. 

Calomel,  one  drachm. 

Croton  Oil,  twenty  drops. 

Ginger,  one  ounce. 

Warm  Beer,  one-half  gallon.  Mix. 

If  the  animal  has  become  unconscious  give  very  slowly  as  it  is  liable  to 
run  down  the  wind -pipe.  Then  draw  away  the  urine  by  means  of  a 
catheter ; or  by  slipping  the  finger  well-oiled  into  the  neck  of  the  bladder 
the  urine  will  frequently  be  passed.  Give  injections  of  warm  water  every 
hour.  Constantly  apply  rugs  wrung  out  of  hot  water  over  the  loins  and 
apply  ice-cold  water  or  ice  bags  to  the  head,  as  the  brain  is  badly  congested. 
Frequently  draw  away  the  milk  and  keep  the  body  and  limbs  warm  by  fric- 
tion and  blankets.  Keep  the  animal  in  a position  as  nearly  erect  as  possi , 
ble  and  give  the  following  every  two  hours  until  recovery  begins  when  the 
time  should  be  lengthened  : 

Aromatic  Spirits  of  Ammonia,  eight  ounces. 

Tincture  Ginger,  four  ounces. 

Tincture  Nux  Vomica,  two  ounces. 

Tincture  Gentian,  six  ounces.  Mix. 

Give  five  ounces  in  a quart  of  warm  beer.  Prevention  is  the  best  and 
safest  treatment  for  parturient  apoplexy.  When  an  animal  is  known  to  be  a 
heavy  milker  and  is  fleshy  or  plethoric  in  condition,  she  should  be  fed 
previous  to  calving  on  a laxative  diet  and  but  sparingly.  The  milk  should 
be  drawn  away  for  ten  days  previous  to  calving  ; immediately  after  calving 
give  the  following  drench  : 

Sulphate  of  Magnesia,  twelve  ounces. 

Chloride  of  Sodium,  two  ounces. 

Ginger,  one-half  ounce. 

Poenugrec,  one-half  ounce. 

Water,  one-half  gallon.  Mix. 

If  these  directions  are  followed  you  will  not  be  troubled  with  parturient 
apoplexy. 


PARTURITION  AND  PREGNANCY. 


PARTURITION-ITS  SYMPTOMS,  ETC. 

During  parturition,  from  the  earliest  symptoms  developed  by  the 
attempted  expulsion  of  the  foetus  until  the  foetus  and  membranes  are  de- 
livered, is  called  Labor.  Symptoms  of  approaching  labor  and  the  termina- 
tion of  the  period  of  gestation  are  sometimes  observed  for  several  days 
before  the  event  transpires.  One  of  the  most  important  symptoms  is  en- 


NORMAL  PARTURITION,  OR  NORMAL  LABOR. 


largement  of  the  mammary  glands  sometimes  to  such  an  extent  that  swell- 
ings, from  the  size  of  a saucer  to  that  of  a large  plate,  appear  in  front  of 
the  bag,  also  behind  the  bag  up  between  the  hind  legs  to  the  lower  part  of 
the  vulva.  Later  on,  if  pressure  is  applied  to  the  teat,  it  yields  a watery 
secretion  which  sometimes  escapes  unaided  and  accumulates  around  the 
lower  part  of  the  teat,  forming  a gum-like  substance  or  wax.  The  vulva 
increases  in  size  and  its  lining  membrane  becomes  reddened;  sometimes  a 
whitish,  glairy  secretion  is  formed  and  discharged  as  a long,  stringy,  sticky 
substance  hanging  from  the  vulva  and  sticking  to  the  tail  and  legs.  The 
croup,  on  either  side  of  the  tail,  looks  hollow  and  feels  soft  and  pliable  from 
relaxation  of  the  broad  ligaments.  The  back  is  somewhat  sprung  down- 
ward, the  abdomen  distended  and  hanging  low  down.  The  animal  walks 
about  carefully  and  is  somewhat  inclined  to  leave  the  balance  of  the  herd. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


103 


In  mares  swelling  of  the  hind  legs  is  frequently  seen.  As  the  time  for 
the  expulsion  of  the  foetus  draws  nearer  the  animal  has  pains  of  a colicky 
nature;  gets  up  and  lies  down  frequently,  and,  if  permitted,  usually  will 
seek  a place  of  seclusion.  As  the  uneasiness  and  pain  increase  the  os  uteri, 
or  mouth  of  the  womb,  continues  to  dilate  until  the  womb  and  vagina  form 
one  large  continuous  passage.  The  membranes  are  now  observed  externally 


NORMAL  PARTURITION,  OR  NORMAL  PRESENTATION. 


in  the  form  of  a water  bag  which  on  pressure  is  usually  ruptured.  The 
pains  become  more  severe  and  frequent.  The  animal  takes  a full  breath  (as 
if  preparatory  to  making  a deep  sigh),  filling  the  lungs,  and  holding  it 
there  for  a time,  brings  the  diaphrrgm  and  abdominal  muscles  into  action  to 
assist  the  uterus  in  the  expulsion  of  the  foetus.  If  the  animal  is  standing  it 
brings  its  four  feet  close  together,  arches  its  back,  elevates  the  tail,  and 
takes  a deep  inspiration,  the  same  as  if  lying.  These  labor  pains  are  con- 
tinued for  a time  when  the  fore  feet  and  head  are  observed  to  be  passing. 
The  spine  of  the  foetus  should  be  resting  against  the  spine  of  the  mother 
and  the  breast  and  abdomen  against  the  lower  part  of  the  vulva  In  the 
mare,  a few  more  labor  pains  and  all  is  over.  But  in  the  cow  labor  is  more 
prolonged  and  an  extra  effort  is  made  when  the  chest  is  forced  through  the 
vagina  to  the  outer  world.  As  soon  as  the  young  animal  is  born  the  um- 
bilical cord  is  torn  apart,  and,  if  bleeding  much,  should  be  tied;  but  this  is 
seldom  necessary.  The  remaining  fluid  now  escapes  from  the  womb  and  is 
sometimes  tinged  with  blood  from  the  sudden  separation  of  the  membranes. 
Sometimes  the  foetus  is  delivered  encased  in  the  membranes,  the  uterine 
passage  being  sufficiently  large  to  admid  it  and  the  membranes  very  thick 
and  strong.  When  such  is  the  case  the  foetus  sometimes  ruptures  them 
when  struggling,  or  the  mother  tears  them  apart  with  her  teeth;  if  not 
speedily  ruptured  the  young  creature  soon  expires  for  want  of  air.  After 


104 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


the  young  animal  has  been  delivered  the  next  act  is  to  get  rid  of  the  foetal 
membranes — “the  after-birth.”  In  the  mare  the  placenta  will  have  such 
delicate  attachment  that  slight  contractions  of  the  womb,  together  with  the 
weight  of  the  protruded  part,  cause  speedy  expulsion.  But  in  the  cow  the 
placenta  is  not  readily  expelled;  its  attachment  is  by  cotyloedons  instead  of 
villi,  and  the  contractions  of  the  womb  do  not  so  readily  detatch  them. 
There  may  be  from  forty  to  a hundred  attachments  and  from  four  hours  to 
three  or  four  days  are  required  before  the  membrane  is  expelled,  and  then 
it  may  have  to  be  removed  artificially.  If  the  mother  is  not  seen  during 
the  act  of  parturition,  or  for  some  time  after,  the  after-birth  may  never  be 
seen,  as  cows,  and  sometimes  mares,  devour  it  as  soon  as  expelled. 


Hygiene  of  Pregnant  Animals. 

The  measures  for  preservation  of  health  in  animals  during  pregnancy 
are  those  which  should  be  observed  generally  with  animals  which  are  not 
pregnant,  except  a few  extra  precautions  which  should  be  taken  in  order 
that  the  mother  may  pass  the  periods  of  gestation  and  delivery  in  safety. 
When  an  animal  has  been  served  by  the  male  and  has  conceived  she  should 
not  be  allowed  to  associate  with  the  male  either  in  tne  stable  or  pasture,  as 
attempts  on  the  part  of  the  male  at  coition  and  casual  excitement  on  the 
part  of  the  female  may  do  considerable  harm,  and  even  produce  abortion. 
With  such  animals  as  are  kept  at  work — as  the  mare — it  is  bad  policy  to 
work  them  very  hard,  especially  after  pregnancy  is  well  advanced.  Great 
care  should  be  taken  not  to  put  them  in  a position  where  their  sides  are  apt 
to  receive  blows,  such  as  from  heavy  wagon  tongues,  etc.  Neither  should 
they  be  pampered  and  nursed  in  a stall  without  exercise.  The  work  should 
be  slow,  and  if  at  all  slippery,  the  mare  should  be  well  shod.  They  should 
not  be  used  for  saddle  purposes,  but,  if  used,  spurs  should  not  be  worn. 
Galloping,  jumping,  or  in  fact,  anything  producing  excitement  should  be 
avoided.  Should  the  patient  be  a mare  used  exclusively  for  breeding  pur- 
poses, she  should  have  a box  stall  and  a yard  in  which  to  exercise.  It  is  not 
at  all  necessary  to  cease  working  a mare  for  the  two  or  three  months  pre- 
vious to  foaling;  better  to  give  slow,  light  work,  so  that  they  will  have 
exercise  up  to  the  day  of  foaling.  The  food  is  a most  important  factor  of 
success.  Milch  cows  or  working  animals  should  be  well  fed,  as  not  only 
their  appetiti  but  their  physical  condition  demands  it.  Some  animals  are 
prone  to  lay  on  flesh  when  pregnant.  With  such  you  should  be  very  careful 
about  feeding,  as  it  may  prove  troublesome,  especially  if  allowed  to  proceed 
to  the  extreme.  It  may  retard  the  growth  of  the  foetus,  produce  abortion, 
cause  difficult  parturition,  or  give  rise  to  some  other  serious  trouble,  which 
will  be  more  likely  to  take  place  during  the  last  few  months  of  pregnancy 
than  at  first.  The  food  should  be  clean,  of  good  quality  and  easily  digested. 
Damp,  bulky,  mouldy  or  fermentable  food  should  be  discarded,  as  evil  re- 
sults are  nearly  certain.  Grazing  is  beneficial  if  the  pasture  is  nutritious. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


105 


If  not,  supply  the  deficiency.  The  animals  should  have  all  the  clean  pure 
water  they  desire,  for  when  at  liberty  with  free  access  to  water  they  seldom 
drink  much  at  a time.  The  water  should  not  be  too  cold,  and  ice  water  is  to 
be  strictly  avoided.  When  animals  are  housed,  strict  cleanliness  must  be 
observed,  and  when  near  foaling  time  they  should  be  placed  in  roomy  box 
stalls.  If  one  animal  aborts  and  there  are  others  pregnant  on  the  same 
farm,  the  one  aborting  should  be  removed,  as  the  excitement  amongst  the 
others  is  liable  to  produce  similar  results.  The  stall  in  which  abortion  took 
plac3  should  be  white-washed  and  strewn  with  slacked  lime  to  destroy  the 
smell.  Harsh  or  cruel  treatment  on  the  part  of  attendant  or  groom  should 
be  suppressed.  Young  animals,  about  to  bring  forth  their  first  offspring, 
should  be  handled  very  gently.  Their  udders  and  teats  should  be  handled 
frequently,  thus  preventing  aversion  to  suckling  their  young.  As  much  as 
possible  surgical  operations  and  the  administration  of  medicines  should  be 
avoided.  Above  all  things  avoid  giving  drastic  purgatives,  as  the  irritation 
they  produce  is  apt  to  cause  contractions  of  the  womb,  resulting  in  abortion, 
and  endangering  the  life  of  the  mother.  The  stables  in  which  pregnant 
animals  are  kept  should  have  floors  as  nearly  level  as  possible,  for  if  the 
incline  is  at  all  great,  the  gravid  uterus  pressing  backward  may  cause 
eversion  of  the  vagina  and  abortion.  The  doors  should  be  wide  to  prevent 
the  animal’s  striking  or  crowding  together  its  sides  on  entering  or  going 
out. 


Oedema  in  Pregnancy. 

In  some  of  the  coarser  breeds  of  animate  and,  occasionally  in  some  of 
the  finer,  during  pregnancy  swellings  appear  around  the  udder,  extending 
forward  as  far  as  the  breast  and  backward  and  upward  as  high  as  the  vulva. 
The  hind  legs  will  begin  swelling  just  above  the  hoof  and  the  swelling  will 
extend  upward  to  the  hocks  or  even  to  the  groin.  These  swellings  are 
serous  or  watery  in  character,  diminish  rapidly  during  exercise  and  increase 
upon  rest.  The  disease  is  not  of  much  consequence,  being  caused  by  de- 
ficient circulation  occasioned  by  the  presence  of  the  foetus  upon  the  crural 
vessels.  It  is  never  seen  in  the  cow  as  in  her  the  circulation  through  the 
mammary  veines  is  more  complete  than  in  the  mare.  In  mares  it  sometimes 
appears  three  or  four  months  previous  to  foaling  ; but  when  at  pasture  where 
they  can  get  regular  exercise  it  rarely  occurs.  It  depends  very  much  upon 
the  conformation  and  temperament  of  the  individual  animal  as  well  as  on 
season  and  hygienic  management.  No  fear  need  be  entertained,  as  it  dis- 
appears in  a few  days  after  foaling.  Should  it  occasion  any  inconvenience, 
give  exercise.  Or,  bandaging,  the  application  of  a mild  stimulating  lini- 
ment, or  scarification  may  be  resorted  to.  However  this  is  very  seldom 
necessary. 


106 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Inversion  of  the  Womb. 

Inversion  of  the  womb  can  only  happen  when  the  os  uteri,  (or  mouth  of 
the  womb)  is  dilated.  Consequently  it  happens  only  shortly  after  parturi- 
tion or  during  the  act  of  parturition.  It  is  liable  to  occur  amongst  all  breeds 
and  all  classes  of  animals.  Mares  seldom  suffer  from  it,  though  it  is  quite 
common  among  cattle.  I cannot  say  whether  or  not  it  be  from  peculiar  con- 
formation, but  some  cows  are  more  subject  to  this  affection  than  others. 
The  uterine  ligaments  of  the  cow  are  so  extensive  and  elastic  that  a few 


extra  efforts  or  labor  pains  after  the  foetus  is  expelled  send  the  womb  along 
with  it,  or  shortly  after.  If  inversion  of  the  womb  is  thought  probable,  the 
animal  should  be  watched  and  before  the  womb  can  be  inverted  a pessary 
should  be  introduced  and  the  womb  maintained  in  its  position.  A truss 
should  be  used  to  prevent  straining  and  the  following  drench  should  be  given 
at  one  dose : 

Chloric  Ether,  one  ounce. 

Tincture  Opium,  two  ounces. 

Brandy,  two  ounces. 

Water,  one  pint.  Mix. 

Previous  to  inserting  the  pessary  remove  all  of  the  after- birth. 

Should  the  womb  be  inverted  and  lying  on  the  ground,  or  hanging  from 
the  animal  as  it  stands,  gather  it  on  a clean  linen  sheet,  remove  all  the 
membranes  and  wash  it  thoroughly  with  warm  water,  to  which  may  be 
added  a mild  solution  of  listorine.  Then  commence  to  replace  it.  Oil  your 
hand  thoroughly,  then  close  your  fist  and  place  it  in  the  hollow  spot  or  cen- 
ter of  the  womb.  Press  inward  slowly  and  carefully.  If  the  animal  strains 
be  very  careful,  for  fear  of  rupturing  the  womb.  Have  your  assistants 
press  on  the  sides  of  the  womb  towards  your  arm.  In  this  way  the  womb 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


107 


will  be  returned.  This  should  be  done  as  quickly  as  possible  after  inversion 
has  taken  place.  As  soon  as  the  womb  is  replaced,  insert  a pessary  and 
keep  it  there  from  four  to  ten  days.  The  pessary  should  be  made  of  light 
wood,  about  twenty-two  inches  long  and  two  inches  thick,  with  the  end 
inserted  covered  with  a smooth  oiled  cloth  and  the  outer  end  having  a hole 
bored  through  it  in  which  to  pass  a rope  to  hold  the  pessary  in  position. 
Fasten  a truss  made  from  rope  around  the  patient ; but  do  not  fasten  it  too 
tight.  Leave  loose  enough  to  allow  the  patient  to  get  up  and  down.  Feed 
on  soft  feed  to  prevent  constipation  and  give  SCOTCH  COMPOUND 
three  times  a day.  It  is  a rather  difficult  job  to  return  the  womb  and  main- 
tain it  in  position.  But  be  persistent  in  your  work  and  your  efforts  will  be 
crowned  with  success,  at  least  if  the  patient  is  a cow.  In  mares  fully  three- 
fourths  of  the  cases  prove  fatal. 


Premature  Labor  Pains. 

Premature  labor  pains  frequently  occur  in  the  lower  animals  and  are 
sometimes  attended  with  considerable  danger.  Various  things  are  supposed 
to  cause  them,  some  of  which  are  exposure  to  cold  rains  ; injuries  ; admin- 
istration of  certain  drugs  ; feeding  upon  rye  grasses,  etc.  I am  inclined  to 
believe  that  the  quality  and  quantity  of  the  food  exerts  upon  the  uterus  a 
greater  influence  in  producing  premature  labor  pains  than  any  thing  else. 
Musty,  mouldy,  indigestible  or  fermentable  food  will  cause  derangement  of 
the  bowels  and,  through  sympathy,  involuntary  contractions  of  the  womb. 
Frozen  food  or  ice-cold  water  acts  similarly.  The  symptoms  are  similar  to 
natural  labor  except  that,  in  premature  labor,  the  animal  almost  always 
strains  while  standing,  while  in  normal  labor  the  position  may  be  either 
lying  or  standing  and  frequently  both  positions  are  taken  alternately  while 
straining.  During  natural  labor  the  mouth  of  the  womb  is  open  while,  dur- 
ing premature  pains,  it  is  closed  for  a considerable  length  of  time.  The 
straining  is  intermittent  and  sometimes  very  forcible  and,  if  not  overcome, 
results  in  abortion. 

Treatment  Give  dram  doses  of  powdered  opium  every  hour  until 
the  straining  stops  ; then  give  at  one  dose  the  following  mild  physic  : 

Magnesia  Sulph . , twelve  ounces. 

Ginger,  one  half  ounce. 

Water,  two  quarts.  Mix. 

If  this  fails  to  act  in  thirty-six  hours,  repeat  the  dose. 


Post- Labor  Pains. 

The  painful  sensations  of  the  womb  after  the  expulsion  of  the  foetus 
and  secundines  {which  are  frequently  observed)  are  sometimes  termed  after- 
pains.  They  are  due  to  contractions  of  the  womb  which  continue  for  some 
time  in  order  to  reduce  its  volume  and  cast  off  the  membranes.  They  are 


AFTER  PAINS. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


109 


seldom  seen  after  an  easy  delivery,  and  when  they  are  seen,  last  but  a short 
time.  But  when  there  is  difficult  or  protracted  labor  the  after-pains  may 
last  twenty-four  or  forty-eight  hours,  or,  if  some  of  the  placental  membranes 
are  attached,  the  straining  is  liable  to  be  prolonged.  The  animal  will  arch 
its  back,  contract  the  abdominal  muscles  and  strain  violently,  as  though 
trying  to  deliver  another  foetus.  If  retention  ol  the  membranes  is  the  ex- 
citing cause,  they  should  be  removed  at  once,  as  otherwise  the  after-pains 
will  be  continued  and  result  in  inversion  of  the  womb.  After  an  explora- 
tion to  discover  the  cause  of  the  after-pains,  and  removal  of  the  membranes, 
should  you  find  any  bruises  or  lesions  of  the  vagina  or  womb,  wash  out 
thoroughly  with  warm  water  and  afterwards  with  a fifty  per  cent,  solution 
of  Permanganate  of  Potassium.  Also  give  at  one  dose  the  following  mild 
physic: 

Sulphate  of  Soda,  twelve  ounces. 

Ginger,  one-half  ounce. 

Warm  Beer,  one  pint.  Mix. 

Then  apply  a truss,  such  as  is  used  for  inversion  of  the  womb. 


Post-Partum  Hemorrhage,  or  Flooding. 

Bleeding  from  the  womb,  or  “flooding,”  after  abortion  or  after  delivery 
at  full  term,  occasionally  occurs  among  domesticated  animals  and  is  very 
fatal. 

Causes:  Injuries  to  the  womb  during  expulsion  of  the  foetus;  prema- 
ture removal  of  the  placenta;  partial  adhesion  of  the  placential  membranes; 


POST-PARTUM  HEMORRHAGE,  OR  FLOODING. 

feeble  development  of  the  uterine  walls  and  insufficient  contraction  of  the 
womb.  If  a slight  dribbling  stream  is  noticed,  an  examination  of  the 
vagina  will  probably  reveal  slight  lesions  there,  which  seldom  do  any  harm. 
But  if  the  blood  issues  forth  in  torrents  and  there  are  a quick,  weak  pulse, 


110 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


pale  mucous  membranes,  increasing  prostration,  staggering  gait,  chilliness 
of  the  surface,  coldness  of  the  limbs  and  breaking  out  of  a cold,  clammy 
sweat,  the  bleeding  is  great,  and,  if  unrelieved,  will  terminate  shortly  in 
death.  The  treatment  must  be  very  prompt  and  effective  or  death  will 
speedily  follow.  First,  examine  to  ascertain  the  cause.  If  part  of  the 
membranes  still  adhere  at  once  remove  them;  but  do  so  carefully  or  you 
will  increase  the  hemorrhage.  Remove  all  clots  of  blood.  Then  apply 
cald  water  over  the  loins.  Also  dip  your  arm  into  cold  water,  insert  it  into 
the  womb  and  move  it  around,  which  sometimes  will  induce  contraction  of 
the  womb  and  thus  stop  the  bleeding.  If  not,  take  a soft  cloth  or  a sponge, 
dip  into  cold  water,  and  insert  in  the  womb;  or  inject  cold  water  into  the 
womb:  or  use  injections  of  cold  water  and  Per-chloride  of  Iron.  If  there  is 
much  prostration  the  following  will  prove  very  beneficial: 

Brandy,  one  pint. 

Tinct.  Per-chloride  or  Iron,  four  ounces.  Mix. 

Give  three  ounces  every  two  hours  in  a half  pint  of  hot  water  as  a 
drench,  after  which  place  the  patient  in  a good  comfortable  stall,  well 
bedded,  and  feed  on  soft,  nutritious  food. 


Retention  of  the  Placenta,  (After-Birth.) 

Beyond  a certain  period  after  the  expulsion  of  the  foetus,  the  retention 
of  the  placentia  or  “after-birth”  should  be  considered  unnatural  and  to  re- 
quire some  attention.  With  mares  this  seldom  occurs,  but  in  cows,  owing 
to  the  peculiar  attachment  of  the  membranes,  it  is  quite  frequent.  In  the 
mare  the  placenta  is  attached  by  fine  villi,  which  are  easily  detached,  and 
the  placenta  is  only  retained  by  abnormal  adhesions.  In  the  cow  the 
placenta  is  attached  by  cotyledons  varying  from  forty  to  one  hundred  in 
number,  which  are  so  constructed  that  entanglement  of  the  membranes  is 
liable  to  occur  at  any  time  after  calving.  From  this  peculiarity  of  con- 
struction abnormal  adhesions  are  more  frequent  than  in  the  mare.  The 
natural  mode  of  expelling  the  placenta  is  by  the  contraction  of  the  womb, 
although  I have  seen  cases  where  the  womb  had  contracted  and  the  os  utei% 
or  mouth  of  the  womb,  completely  closed  and  the  foetal  envelopes,  com- 
pletely encased  within  the  womb,  and  could  only  be  removed  by  forcible 
dilatation  of  the  os.  But  these  are  exceptional  cases.  The  general  rule, 
where  there  is  retention  of  the  membranes,  is  that  the  womb  will  contract 
but  its  mouth  will  remain  open  with  part  of  the  membranes  protruding 
through  it.  More  frequently  the  membranes  are  visible,  hanging  down 
from  the  vulva.  In  the  mare,  the  placenta,  if  not  expelled  by  the  efforts  of 
nature,  should  not  be  allowed  to  remain  undisturbed,  but  should  be  removed 
within  twelve  hours  after  foaling.  With  the  cow  danger  is  less  imminent, 
and  unless  straining  or  hemorrhage  are  prominent  symptoms,  the  placenta 
should  not  be  disturbed  for  at  least  three  days,  during  which  time — if  not 
detached  naturally — decomposition  is  liable  to  occur.  If  this  be  the  case  it 


Ill 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 

should  be  immediately  removed  or  chronic  inflammation  of  the  womb  and 
vagina  may  follow  and  leucorrhoea  (or  whites)  be  the  result.  When  the 
placenta  is  not  expelled  shortly  after  calving  the  following  may  assist  its 
removal: 

Gentian,  one-half  ounce. 

Ginger,  one  ounce. 

Foenugrec,  one  ounce. 

- Anise,  one  ounce. 

Bi-Carbonate  of  Soda,  one  ounce.  Mix. 

Make  two  powders  and  give  morning  and  evening.  After  a lapse  of 
three  days  it  is  advisable  to  remove  the  placenta  by  a manual  operation. 
First  see  that  there  are  no  abrasions  of  the  skin  on  your  hand  or  arm, 
through  which  absorption  of  putrid  matter  can  take  place  and  so  lead  to 
blood  poisoning.  Then  grease  your  hand  and  arm  and  pass  between  the 
placenta  and  the  walls  of  the  womb.  As  you  meet  the  cotyledons  unfasten 
the  membranes  in  the  same  manner  in  which  you  unbutton  your  coat;  pro- 
ceed to  the  next  and  so  on  until  you  have  unfastened  them  all.  Use  gentle 
traction  with  the  other  hand  all  the  time,  as  some  of  them  will  be  detached 
by  traction  alone.  When  you  have  detached  the  placenta  from  all  the 
cotyledons  it  will  drop  out  easily.  After  the  placenta  is  detached  when 
there  is  a very  foetid  odor,  wash  out  the  womb  thoroughly  with  a soft  cloth 
and  warm  water  to  which  may  be  added  a dram  of  Permanganate  of 
Potassium.  Then  feed  on  a nutritious  diet,  to  which  add  a dessert  spoonful 
of  SCOTCH  COMPOUND,  morning  and  evening.  In  the  mare  take 
the  same  precautions  before  removing  the  placenta.  Grease  the  arm 
thoroughly,  then  pass  the  hand  gently  between  the  placenta  and  womb, 
separating  the  attachments  slowly  and  carefully,  using  traction  with  the 
other  hand.  If  the  attachments  are  very  close  or  abnormally  adhered  break 
them  down,  when  the  placenta  is  easily  removed.  Keep  her  quiet  for  a 
time;  feed  soft  food  to  which  add  twice  daily  a spoonful  of  SCOTCH 
COMPOUND. 


Hernia  of  the  Uterus  (or  Womb.) 

This  accident  is  not  frequent  though  it  sometimes  occurs.  During  the 
eleven  years  of  my  practice  I have  worked  extensively  in  obstetrical  cases 
and  have  seen  only  flve  mares  with  hernia  of  the  womb  and  not  one  cow. 
Hernia  of  the  womb  consists  of  a breaking  down  or  separation  of  the 
abdominal  muscles  through  which  the  womb  and  contents  pass  until  they 
come  in  contact  with  the  skin,  which,  from  its  elastic  nature,  is  carried 
down  sometimes  within  fifteen  to  eighteen  inches  from  the  ground.  The 
bag  and  teats  are  generally  carried  down  with  the  skin  and  frequently  form 
the  lowest  point  of  the  tumor.  The  causes  of  uterine  hernia  are  none  too 
thoroughly  understood,  but  that  which  seems  to  me  the  most  reasonable 
supposition  is  that  the  uterine  muscles  become  ruptured  or  relaxed,  thus 


112 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


allowing  the  gravid  uterus  to  rest  entirely  upon  the  abdominal  muscles. 
These  become  weakened  from  the  abdominal  strain,  after  which  the 
energetic  movements  of  the  fcetus  materially  assist  in  forming  the  rent  in 
the  abdominal  muscles.  The  first  case  of  this  description  that  I ever  saw 
I was  somewhat  puzzled  as  the  owner  did  not  know  whether  the  mare  was 
in  foal  or  not;  and  I was  unable  to  ascertain  any  signs  of  life,  though  the 
mare  presented  the  appearance  of  being  with  foal.  I then  determined  upon 
exploring  the  tumor  by  inserting  a small  trocar  and  canula.  In  a moment 


HERNIA  OF  THE  UTERUS  (OR  WOMB.) 


fluid  began  to  escape  and  soon  the  foetus  began  to  struggle.  I 
immediately  withdrew  the  canula  and  applied  bandages.  In  about  a month 
after  I delivered  her  of  a dead  colt  fully  developed.  The  operation  was 
rather  difficult  and  the  mare  died  in  a few  hours.  A post  mortem  examina- 
tion revealed  a complete  rupture  or  rather  lacerations  of  the  Oblique 
muscles  as  well  as  of  the  Rectus  muscles  and  Linea  Alba.  Had  the  mare 
lived  she  would  have  been  useless  either  for  work  or  for  breeding  purposes. 

This  accident  seldom  takes  place  until  within  the  last  two  months  of 
pregnancy.  When  it  befalls  a cow  I would  recommend  that  she  be  fattened 
and  sold  to  the  butcher.  But  mares,  which  are  not  used  for  food  and  can  be 
utilized  in  no  way  other  than  breeding,  may  be  bred  again.  I have  known 
one  mare,  which  I was  called  to  deliver  on  account  of  a wrong  presentation, 
and  which  had  a comparatively  bad  uterine  hernia,  to  bring  forth  two 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


113 


living  foals,  entirely  unassisted,  during  the  next  two  years  after  my  attend- 
ing her.  After  this  she  was  sold,  left  the  neighborhood,  and  I lost  trace  of 
her.  When  females  are  found  to  be  in  this  condition  previous  to  time  of 
delivery,  they  should  be  supported  with  broad  bandages.  At  the  time  of 
delivery  trouble  should  be  anticipated  and  they  should  receive  prompt  atten- 
tention.  If  unable  to  deliver  spontaneously  have  a number  of  assistants  to 
place  a broad  blanket  under  the  abdomen  and  raise  it  up  as  high  as  possible. 
Then,  should  the  presentation  be  the  buttock,  the  operator  should  push  it  a 
little  toward  the  side  opposite  to  the  legs  and  seize  the  hind  legs,  one  at  a 
time,  and  bring  them  into  the  natural  passage.  Fasten  a quarter  inch  rope, 
well  greased,  around  the  pasterns  separately.  Then  pull  with  considerable 
force,  the  assistants  still  holding  up  the  abdomen,  and  you  may  expect  a 
safe  delivery,  providing  there  are  no  malformations.  If  it  be  a head  pre- 
sentation, fasten  a rope  around  the  neck  and  lower  jaw;  then  push  the  head 
in  and  to  one  side.  Next  endeavor  to  bring  the  front  feet  up  into  the 
natural  passage,  fasten  a rope  around  the  pasterns,  then  draw  the  head 
back  between  the  front  legs  and  pull.  Use  plenty  of  fresh  hog’s  lard  if  the 
membranes  are  in  the  least  dry,  also  have  all  ropes  or  straps  well  greased 
while  using  them  to  assist  delivery.  If  you  are  unable  to  deliver  in  this 
position  make  a deep  soft  bed  of  straw,  and  if  the  animal  will  lie  down,  all 
the  better,  If  she  will  not  lie  down  herself,  lay  her  down  as  easily  as 
possible.  Then  secure  her  limbs  to  prevent  her  doing  injury,  roll  her  on 
her  back,  and  have  plenty  of  assistants  to  hold  her  there  with  her  hind 
quarters  raised  higher  than  the  fore.  Have  some  handy  assistant  to  try  to 
reduce  the  tumor  while  the  operator  is  trying  to  seize  the  parts  which  are 
most  convenient.  If  there  be  a head  or  a breast  presentation  secure  it  in 
the  manner  prescribed  before,  and,  when  everything  is  straight,  apply 
traction  and  complete  the  delivery.  But,  in  case  you  cannot  deliver  by  the 
natural  passage,  and  the  colt  is  living  and  would  prove  more  valuable  than 
the  mother,  you  can  secure  the  animal  and  perform  the  Caesarean  section, 
which  is  to  open  the  abdomen  sufficiently  to  deliver  the  foetus  in  that  way, 
after  which  I believe  it  profitable  to  destroy  the  mare  and  raisb  the  colt  on 
cow’s  milk.  But  in  the  case  of  the  cow  you  may  stitch  up  the  womb  after 
removing  the  after-birth;  then  stitch  up  the  integument  (skin)  and  try  to 
save  her.  If  she  lives,  she  should  be  fattened  for  slaughter. 


Rupture  of  the  Perineum, 

Generally  this  accident  is  the  result  of  difficult  parturition,  though 
sometimes  it  is  caused  by  unruly  stallions.  As  a result  of  parturition 
rupture  of  the  vagina  is  a frequent  occurrence,  and  sometimes  we  meet  with 
rupture  of  the  perineum  find  rectum  combined.  In  other  cases  the  prineum 
may  be  ruptured  and  the  sphincter  muscles  undisturbed;  while  in  some 
cases  the  rupture  will  extend  clear  out,  severing  the  sphincter  muscles.  If 
the  foetus  be  not  in  a natural  position,  the  uterine  contractions  driving  it 


114 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


backward  may  force  the  limbs,  or  the  head  may  be  forced  through  the 
perineum,  and  be  presented  at  the  anal  opening.  If  assistance  is  not  at 
hand  and  the  parts  presenting  are  not  returned  and  placed  in  the  proper 
channel  the  expulsive  efforts  of  the  mother  will  cause  them  to  tear  the 
perineum  and  sphincter  muscles  asunder  and  thus  deliver  the  foetus — some- 
times dead  and  sometimes  living — but  leaving  an  unsightly  appearance,  as 
the  vagina  and  rectum  are  one  continuous  slit.  The  results  vary,  owing 
considerably  to  the  extent  of  the  injury.  If  the  laceration  is  not  great  no 
serious  results  need  be  anticipated.  But  if  the  laceration  be  great  and  the 
sphincter  be  torn  through,  a suppurative  inflammation  may  occur  with  a 
continuous  discharge  of  pus,  smearing  the  tail  and  legs  and  causing  the 
animal  to  present  an  unsightly  appearance.  Others  seem  to  experience  no 
inconvenience,  a partial  recovery  takes  place,  the  animal  appears  perfectly 
healthy,  may  breed  again  and  bring  forth  its  progeny  without  any  evil 
results. 

Treatment: — Trim  off  evenly  the  lacerated  margins,  bringing  them 
together  with  the  cat-gut  suture,  using  the  interrupted  stitch.  Then  intro- 
duce a tampon  or  plug  into  the  vagina  to  support  the  septum  during  defeca- 
tion. Apply  cold  water  frequently  to  keep  down  the  inflammation,  and 
twice  daily  use  SCOTCH  OINTMENT  as  per  directions.  Should  the 
stitches  tear  out  you  may  replace  them  a second  or  third  time.  After  that 
it  will  be  useless.  While  the  stitches  are  intact  place  the  animal  in  a 
narrow  stall  to  prevent  her  lying  down.  If  there  is  much  bleeding  when 
the  laceration  occurs,  arrest  it  with  cold  water;  if  that  fails,  apply  Tinct. 
Per-sulphide  of  Iron.  Feed  on  soft,  sloppy  food,  and  give  frequent  injec- 
tions of  pure  water,  to  soften  the  dung  and  thus  relieve  the  strain  on  the 
perineum. 

Metro-Peritonitis,  or  Inflammation  of  the  Womb  and 

Peritoneum. 

This  disease  affects  animals  of  all  ages  and  results  from  difficult  partu- 
rition, retention  of  the  foetal  membranes,  inversion  of  the  womb,  exposure 
to  wet  and  cold,  drinking  ice-cold  water,  etc. 

Symptoms: — The  disease  may  occur  from  within  a few  hours  after 
parturition  up  to  the  fifth  or  sixth  day.  At  first  the  animal  will  appear  dull 
with  loss  of  appetite;  visible  mucous  membranes  injected  (red);  secretion  of 
milk  diminished;  pulse  quick,  full  and  hard;  bowels  constipated;  urine 
diminished  in  quantity;  colicky  pains  are  present,  manifested  by  frequently 
lying  down  and  getting  up  until  lying  down  becomes  too  painful,  from  the 
pressure  of  the  abdominal  muscles  on  the  womb;  striking  at  the  belly  with 
the  hind  feet;  pointing  with  the  nose  at  the  flanks;  respiration  accelerated; 
abdomen  tucked  up.  As  the  disease  advances  the  pulse  grows  small,  feeble 
and  wiry;  the  animal  becomes  insensible  of  objects  around  her  and  plunges 
about  with  great  violence;  death  shortly  follows. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


115 


Treatment: — First  examine  the  womb.  If  any  of  the  membranes 
adhere  they  should  be  removed  at  once.  Wash  the  womb  out  thoroughly 
with  warm  water,  to  which  add  a little  Carbolic  Acid — one  part  of  acid  to 
forty  of  water.  This  should  be  repeated  twice  daily.  If  the  bowels  are 
constipated  and  the  patient  is  a mare  give  the  following  physic  at  one  dose 
in  half  a pint  of  water  as  a drench : 

Aloes,  one  ounce. 

Calomel,  one  drachm. 

Ginger,  one-half  ounce.  Mix. 

For  the  same  condition  in  a cow  give  at  one  dose  in  a gallon  of  water, 
the  following: 

Magnesia  Sulph.,  twenty  ounces. 

Calomel,  two  drachms. 

Ginger,  one  ounce.  Mix. 

After  which  give  every  four  or  five  hours  one  of  the  following  powders: 

Quinine  Sulph.,  four  drachms. 

” Salicylic  Acid,  four  drachms.  Mix. 

Make  into  six  powders.  If  the  animal’s  temperature  remains  high, 
place  a sheet,  wet  with  cold  water,  around  the  body  and  keep  wetting  it 
with  a sprinkling  can  for  an  hour,  after  which  rub  the  animal  dry  and  place 
warm  dry  blankets  over  it.  When  convalescence  has  occurred  good  food 
and  tonics  should  be  administered.  Give  one  of  the  following  powders  three 
times  a day : 

Powdered  Sulphate  of  Iron,  one  and  one-half  ounces. 

Nux  Vomica,  two  ounces. 

Ginger,  one  ounce. 

Potass.  Nit.,  one  and  one-half  ounces.  Mix. 

Divide  into  sixteen  powders.  While  the  pain  is  very  severe  the  appli- 
cation of  mustard  to  the  abdomen  is  very  beneficial.  After  the  disease  has 
abated,  if  there  is  a chronic  discharge  from  the  womb,  the  treatment  given 
for  Lencorrhoea  will  suffice.  The  person  examining  the  womb  should  be 
very  careful  and  see  that  there  are  no  fresh  sores  on  the  hands  or  arms,  and 
grease  them  thoroughly  to  prevent  innoculation  and  blood  poisoning. 


Umbilical  Hemorrhage,  or  Bleeding  From  the  Navel. 

Bleeding  from  the  umbilical  cord,  of  an  alarming  nature,  is  not  a very 
common  accident,  nevertheless  it  sometimes  occurs,  and  occasionally  so 
profusely  as  to  cause  death.  It  generally  happens  immediately  after  birth 
or  within  a short  period  afterwards,  and  may  continue  for  some  time  in 
small  quantities,  but  sufficient  to  produce  great  debility.  The  bleeding  is 
generally  caused  by  the  cord’s  being  cut  or  broken  off  too  close,  to  the 
abdomen;  it  may  be  due  to  a varicose  condition  of  the  cord.  Sometimes, 
after  the  cord  is  tied,  when  sufficiently  long  enough  to  admit  of  it,  the 
mother  will  nip  it  off  closer  and  so  induce  bleeding. 


116 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Treatment:— When  the  bleeding  is  slight  and  not  likely  to  he  con- 
tinued, little  or  no  treatment  is  required.  If  possible,  seize  the  cord  and 
tie;  if  not,  apply  tandic  acid,  alum,  or  perchloride  of  iron  and  bahdage,  after 
placing  some  cotton  batting  saturated  with  Monsell’s  solution  of  iron  upon 
the  cord.  Or  you  may  take  a needle  and  thread  and  pass  it  through  the 
skin  on  both  sides  of  the  cord,  then  tie  it  tightly  and  you  will  completely 
close  the  opening,  but  in  doing  this  be  careful  not  to  penetrate  or  include 
the  intestines. 


Persistence  of  the  Urachus,  or  Urine  Passing  from  the 

Navel. 

What  is  understood  by  the  urachus  is  the  canal  formed  by  the  middle 
portion  of  the  atlantois,  which  passes  through  the  umbilical  ring  aud  com- 
municates with  the  bladder,  and  through  which  the  urine  is  conveyed  to  the 
atlantoid  sack,  during  foetal  life.  After  birth  the  urachus  should  become 
obliterated  and  the  bladder  should  be  retracted  and  further  developed  within 
the  pelvic  cavity,  the  urine  then  passing  through  the  natural  channel.  It 
sometimes  happens  the  urachus  does  not  close  up  and  disappear  and  the 
urine  is  passed  through  the  navel.  It  more  frequently  occurs  in  males  than 
in  females.  In  the  latter  it  generally  comes  by  drops  and  quite  frequently 
ceases  spontaneously,  while  in  the  male  it  usually  runs  in  a stream  and  is 
more  dangerous. 

Treatment  : — In  a great  many  cases  no  treatment  is  required,  the  es- 
cape of  urine  ceasing  in  a few  days  after  birth ; but,  where  treatment  is  de- 
deman ded,  a cure  can  usually  be  effected.  If  the  urachus  is  sufficiently 
long,  seize  it  and  tie  it.  If  this  cannot  be  done,  grasp  the  cord  between  the 
thumb  and  fingers  and  raise  it  up  ; then  pass  a stitch  in  a circle  clear  around 
the  cord  and  tie  it  tight.  The  urachus  is  then  closed.  But  be  careful  not 
to  gather  any  more  skin  than  is  actually  necessary  into  the  stitch.  If  the 
uretha,  or  natural  channel  for  the  urine  to  pass  by,  is  not  opened;  get  the 
longest  human  catheter  obtainable  and  pass  it  to  open  the  channel. 

Umbilical  Hernia,  or  Rupture  of  the  Navel. 

Rupture  of  the  navel  is  most  frequently  congenital,  although  it  some- 
times occurs  two  or  three  months  after  birth,  when  it  would  be  called  acci- 
dental hernia.  A small  round  tumor,  situated  at  the  navel  opening  and 
varying  in  size  from  that  of  a bird’s  egg  to  that  of  a goose  egg  or  even 
larger,  is  observed.  It  is  usually  soft  and  fluctuating  and  easily  reduced 
within  the  abdominal  cavity  by  manipulation  with  the  fingers,  just  as  readily 
returning  when  the  hand  is  moved.  Sometimes  it  presents  a doughy  or  hard 
appearance,  when  probably  the  intestines  within  the  sack  are  filled  with 
alimentary  matter.  When  the  intestines  are  returned  the  opening  will  pre- 
sent a circular  or  elliptical  shape  and  around  the  edges  it  will  be  tense  and 
hard  to  the  touch. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


117 


Treatment  : — In  a great  majority  of  cases  when  the  tumor  is  not  very 
large,  if  allowed  to  remain  undisturbed,  nature  will  bring  about  a complete 
cure  varying  in  time  from  three  months  to  three  years  of  age.  I have  ap- 
plied a broad  bandage  with  very  gratifying  results  and  would  recommend  it 
strongly.  Constriction  of  the  tumor  is  an  excellent  method  of  effecting  a 
cure.  First  cast  the  animal  and  secure  it  firmly,  place  it  on  its  back  and 
maint^iin  it  in  that  position.  Then  manipulate  the  tumor  until  the  intestines 
are  returned  to  the  abdominal  cavity.  Next  grasp  the  skin  over  the  tumor 
and  raise  it  up  as  far  as  you  can  stretch  it  and  fasten  a pair  of  clamps  as  close 
to  the  abdomen  as  possible.  Fasten  them  tightly.  Then  put  a couple  of 
wooden  pegs  through  the  skin,  protruding  beyond  the  clamp,  to  keep  it  from 
slipping  off  when  the  animal  is  standing.  In  this  way  you  set  up  an  adhe- 
sive infiammation,  forming  a plug  filling  up  the  opening  by  the  time  the 
clamp  sloughs  off.  Some  practitioners  recommend  the  application  of  nitric 
acid  to  the  tumor  and  report  good  results  ; but  I have  never  tried  it.  But 
to  inject  into  the  sub-cutaneous  connective  tissue  a few  drops  of  salt  water, 
around  the  rupture,  will,  in  a great  many  cases,  through  irritation  set  up  a 
healthy  inflammation,  throwing  out  a plastic  substance,  filling  the  cavity, 
thus  forcing  the  intestines  back  within  the  abdominal  cavity  and  completely 
plugging  up  the  opening.  This  operation  can  be  done  with  the  ordinary 
hypodermic  syringe,  care  being  taken  not  to  insert  it  too  deep. 


Retention  of  the  Meconium,  or  Constipation  Shortly  After 

Birth. 

The  contents  of  the  intestines  previous  to  birth  are  called  Meconium. 
This  is  generally  expelled  immediately  after  birth  ; but  when  it  is  retained 
for  any  length  of  time  serious  results  follow  if  left  unrelieved.  This  occurs, 
perhaps,  more  frequently  with  the  colt  than  with  any  other  animal,  but  oc- 
casionally happens  with  calves.  It  generally  occurs  in  animals  that  are 
weakly  and  not  thoroughly  developed.  It  is  generally  caused  by  the  mother’s 
being  fed  on  dry  fodder  for  a length  of  time  or  by  her  milk  being  thin  and 
not  rich  in  those  purgative  elements  so  necessary  for  the  newly  born  animal. 
Hence  it  is  generally  seen  in  those  colts  and  calves  that  come  in  the  winter 
and  early  spring,  previous  to  the  mother  being  turned  out  to  pasture. 

Symptoms: — Within  a few  days  after  birth  the  little  animal  appears 
uneasy  and  refuses  to  suck  ; shows  symptoms  of  colic,  lies  down  and  rolls 
around,  occasionally  looking  toward  the  abdomen  ; when  standing,  the  back 
is  arched  and  attempts  to  pass  manure  and  water  are  frequent ; pulse  and 
respiration  are  frequent,  and  sometimes  the  respiration  is  labored  ; the  eyes 
are  injected  (red);  grinding  of  the  teeth  is  a frequent  symptom. 

Treatment  : — The  proper  treatment  is  to  attend  to  the  feed  and  con- 
dition of  the  mother  previous  to  parturition.  The  diet  should  be  soft  and 
nutritious.  Immediately  after  birth  the  young  animal  should  be  fed  the  first 
milk  the  mother  gives  as  it  contains  purgative  elements  so  necessary  for  the 


118 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


moving  of  the  bowels.  If  the  bowels  do  not  move,  remove  air  the  foecal 
matter  you  can  with  the  oiled  finger,  after  which  give  frequent  injections  of 
warm  water  and  castile  soap,  or  injections  of  oil.  Feed  the  mother  on  a soft 
sloppy  diet,  to  which  may  be  added  a mild  physic.  Should  the  bowels  fail  to 
respond,  give  two  ounces  of  castor  oil,  to  which  you  may  add  a desert  spoon- 
ful of  brandy  with  a little  sweetened  water  ; or  you  may  give  every  two  or 
three  hours  two  ounces  of  cod  liver  oil  with  a little  brandy  an(l  a little 
sweetened  water.  Keep  the  little  creature  warm  with  blankets,  rub  the 
limbs  with  dilute  alcohol  and  bandage. 


Presentations  and  Positions  of  the  Foetus. 

We  have  before  spoken  of  normanal  parturition,  where  the  foetus  was 
presented  in  a natural  position  and  the  mother  had  power  to  expel  it.  We 
will  now  consider  the  various  ] resen tations  and  positions  of  the  foetus 
during  parturition.  They  should  be  well  studied,  as  the  different  modes  of 
delivery  are  of  much  importance  practically  to  the  obstetrician.  When  we 
remember  that  during  gestation  the  foetus  in  the  womb  assumes  so  many 
different  positions,  it  is  not  surprising  that  in  delivery  so  many  different 
presentations  occur.  Notwithstanding  there  is  supposed  to  be  some  agency 
or  influence  to  induce  the  foetus  to  assume  a natural  position  and  presenta- 
tion at  delivery  this  is  not  always  the  case;  and,  instead  of  the  foetus  being 
in  a favorable  position,  it  frequently  requires  assistance  to  change  the  false 
position  assumed  by  the  young  animal  at  the  termination  of  gestation. 

What  is  understood  by  presentation  is  that  part  of  the  foetus  which 
I presents  itself  first  at  the  pelvic  inlet,  or  that  part  of  the  foetus  which  the 
lhand  of  the  operator  touches  when  making  an  examination  as  to  position — ^ 
«vhich  may  be  the  head,  forefeet,  hocks,  breast,  abdomen,  sides,  etc.  Pre- 
sentation may  vary  exceedingly  as  any  part  of  the  foetus  may  occupy  the 
Space  at  the  mouth  of  the  womb.  I will  condense  and  simplify  as  far  as 
possible,  the  description  of  these  presentions  and  positions,  in  order  not  to 
confuse  the  mind  of  the  reader. 

Presentations  may  be  grouped  in  four  classes,  viz. : Anterior  Presenta- 
tion, when  the  head,  neck,  cheit,  forefeet  or  forelimbs  are  presented; 
Shoulder  and  Loin  Presentation,  when  any  portion  of  the  body  is  presented, 
as  the  shoulder,  withers,  back,  loins  or  haunches;  Breast  and  Abdominal 
Presentation,  in  'which  the  limbs  are  most  frequently  felt  first,  possibly  all 
four  feet,  or  only  three  of  them,  and  sometimes  only  one;  Posterior  Pre- 
sentation, in  which  the  breech  or  croup  is  facing  the  inlet  and  the  presence 
of  the  limbs  there  only  constitutes  a different  position. 

The  different  positions  in  which  a foetus  may  be  found  with  any  of  these 
presentations  are  numerous.  For  instance,  with  Anterior  Presentation  the 
withers  of  the  foetus  may  rest  against  the  spine  of  the  mother,  and  the  breast 
against  the  lower  part  of  the  pelvis;  or  it  may  be  just  the  reverse;  or  the 
foetus  may  be  lying  on  its  right  or  left  side,  when  its  ribs  would  rest  against 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


119 


the  mother’s  spine  and  against  the  lower  part  of  her  pelvis,  the  breast  facing 
either  the  right  or  left  ileum,  and  the  withers  the  opposite;  the  head  may 
deviate  to  the  right  or  left;  one  limb  may  be  retained,  or  crossed  over  the 
neck;  or  both  limbs  may  be  retained,  etc. 


Anterior  Presentation. 

This  is  the  only  natural  presentation  of  the  foetus,  and  in  this  presenta- 
tion the  different  positions  of  the  young  creature  frequently  require  the  aid 
of  art  to  complete  the  delivery.  But  when  the  presentation  is  natural  and 
nature  has  brought  about  the  necessary  changes  in  the  generative  organs 
of  the  mother,  delivery  is  comparatively  easy  and  successful.  In  this 
position  the  foetus  at  the  inlet  should  present  the  fore  feet  first  with  the 
head  lying  upon  or  between  them,  the  withers  toward  the  spine  of  the 


mother,  and  the  breast  resting  upon  the  pubes.  When  the  foetus  is  found 
in  this  position,  it  should  be  left  undisturbed  for  a time,  as  the  contraction 
of  the  womb  gradually  increase  in  force.  The  abdominal  muscles  are  now 
brought  into  play,  the  animal  makes  a few  extra  efforts,  and,  generally,  the 
foetus  is  expelled  But,  if  the  mother  is  laboring  hard  and  the  progress  is 
very  slow,  man’s  intervention  is  necessary.  You  should  then  seize  the 
young  animal  by  the  forelegs,  and,  at  each  succeeding  labor  pain,  use 
traction  until  the  little  creature  is  born.  In  using  traction,  always  pull  out- 
ward and  downward  toward  the  mother’s  heels.  Immediately  after  the 
birth,  tie  up  the  navel  about  three  inches  from  the  abdomen.  Then  allow 
the  mother  lo  have  care  of  her  young. 


120  EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 

Fore  Limb  Crossed  Over  the  Neck, 

It  is  not  at  all  uncommon  to  find  colts  and  calves  in  this  position,  and 
delivery  very  much  retarded  or  incomplete  without  assistance.  Though  I 
have  no  doubt  that  delivery  has  been  completed  in  this  position  without 
assistance,  the  cases  where  the  mother  has  not  been  more  or  less  lacerated 
are  exceptional.  In  this  position,  instead  of  the  shoulders  being  lodged  in 
the  hollow  space  along  the  side  of  the  neck,  they  are  held  back  along  the 
side  of  the  chest,  increasing  the  transverse  diameter  as  it  enters  the  pelvic 
inlet,  instead  of  diminishing  it,  thus  retarding  the  delivery.  But  if  the 
limbs  are  crossed  over  the  neck  up  at  the  poll  it  is  still  more  dangerous.  In 


FORE  LIMBS  CROSSED  OVER  THE  NECK. 


all  complications  tending  to  retard  delivery  the  mother  becomes  more 
excited  aud  the  labor  pains  more  violent  and  irregular.  Then  with  the 
limbs  crossed  at  the  poll,  the  feet  are  pushed  against  the  roof  of  the  vagina, 
causing  laceration  of  that  part.  Sometimes  they  are  pushed  through  the 
roof  of  the  vagina  into  the  rectum,  producing  a rupture  of  the  perineum. 
In  the  more  favorable  cases  the  limbs  are  crossed  far  enough  over  the  neck 
to  allow  the  knee  to  become  flexed,  turning  the  feet  downward.  There  is 
then  but  little  danger  of  rupture  of  the  perineum,  but  the  labor  is  pro- 
tracted and  severe  and  certain  to  result  in  contusions  of  the  vagina,  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent.  This  position  is  frequently  recognized  before  an 
examination  is  made.  If  the  fore  feet  are  seen  pressing  against  the  roof  of 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


121 


the  vagina,  or  if  both  feet  are  observed  on  one  side  of  the  head,  the  one  leg 
shorter  than  the  other,  only  one  leg  is  crossed.  If  only  one  leg  is  crossed 
it  may  be  placed  in  position  without  much  difficulty  and  without  the  trouble 
of  pressing  the  foetus  back  into  the  uterine  cavity:  Seize  the  leg  above  the 
fetlock,  raise  it  up  and  draw  it  to  its  proper  side;  then  place  one  hand  on 
the  head  of  the  foetus  and  hold  it  firm,  with  the  other  hand  extend  the  leg 
forcibly,  when  it  will  readily  straighten  out  into  position.  Delivery  may 
then  take  place  without  help,  or  a little  help  with  the  head  and  limbs  may 
be  beneficial.  When  both  fore  limbs  are  crossed  over  the  head  the  case  is 
more  difficult  to  handle.  If  the  feet  are  visible,  fasten  a half  inch  rope  to 
each  separately,  then  force  the  foetus  back  within  the  womb  by  pressing 
upon  the  head.  Then  the  operator  should  place  the  feet  to  their  proper 
sides,  if  possible.  If  he  cannot  do  this,  bring  the  ropes  to  their  proper  sides, 
and,  while  the  operator  holds  the  head  back  firmly,  let  an  assistant  pull  the 
rope  on  one  side  until  that  limb  is  brought  into  position.  Then  take  hold  of 
the  other  rope  and  fetch  that  into  position.  Then  place  the  head  straight 
in  a line  above  and  between  the  limbs,  and  delivery  will  be  effected  with 
but  little  help. 


Fore  Limbs  Flexed  at  the  Knees. 

In  this  position  the  difficulty,  as  a rule,  is  easily  overcome.  When  the 
labor  pains  first  commence,  if  the  feet  are  not  lifted  high  enough  to  enter 
the  pelvic  cavity,  they  become  lodged  against  the  lower  border  of  the  pubes; 
and,  as  labor  progresses,  the  head  is  forced  onward,  the  feet  being  retained, 
the  fore  legs  become  flexed  at  the  knees  and  there  they  remain  with  the 
knees  pressing  up  against  the  lower  part  of  the  neck.  If  an  examination  is 
made  before  labor  has  progressed  any  length  of  time,  the  nose  and  knees 
will  be  felt  at  the  same  time.  But  if  labor  has  progressed  any  length  of 
time,  the  head  will  be  forced  farther  out.  Then  the  operation  on  exploring, 
will  first  come  in  contact  with  the  head,  for  sometimes  it  is  advanced  in  the 
passage  even  as  far  as  the  out-let.  The  ouject  now  to  be  obtained  is  to 
straighten  the  forelegs,  in  order  to  complete  the  delivery,  as  the  vertical 
diameter  of  the  pelvis  will  not  admit  of  delivery  with  the  fore  limbs  beneath 
the  breast.  The  operator  will  have  but  little  difficulty,  if  called  early  enough, 
or  before  the  head  has  passed  any  great  distance  into  the  vagina. 

If  the  head  has  made  but  little  progress,  the  operator,  upon  examination, 
will  feel  the  knees  as  readily  as  the  head.  While  ascertaining  the  position 
of  the  legs  you  will  almost  always  find  that  one  has  greater  liberty  than  the 
other,  and,  if  seized  by  the  fetlock,  can  be  thrown  easily  into  its  natural 
position.  Then  seize  the  other  leg  just  below  the  knee,  raise  it  up  with  the 
lower  part  of  the  hand,  while  pressing  backward  with  the  upper  part  of  the 
hand,  and  that  leg  can  be  brought  easily  into  position.  Use  the  right  hand 
to  handle  the  left  fore  leg,  and  the  left  hand  for  the  right  fore  leg.  If  the 
head  has  been  forced  well  into  the  passage  or  presented  beyond  the  outlet. 


122 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


the  case  will  have  to  be  handled  differently.  First  fasten  a small,  well 
greased  rope  around  the  neck,  then  grasp  the  head,  and,  during  the  inter- 
vals between  the  labor  pains,  force  it  back  into  the  womb.  Then  grasp  the 
legs  separately  below  the  knee  and  raise  them  up,  pressing  backward  at  the 
knee  end  forward  further  down  the  leg,  and  in  this  way  bring  them  into 
position.  If  they  cannot  be  brought  up  in  this  manner,  fasten  a small  rope 
around  the  fetlock  of  each  leg,  then  bring  them  into  position  separately. 
The  operator  must  take  hold  of  the  knee  and  force  it  back  into  the  womb 
while  an  assistant  draws  on  the  rope.  In  this  manner  you  will  force  the  leg 


FORE  LIMBS  FLEXED  AT  THE  KNEES. 


upward  and  outward,  into  the  proper  position.  Then  fetch  the  other  limb 
up  in  the  same  manner.  If  the  head  is  presented  beyond  the  outlet  and  the 
little  creature  is  dead,  the  only  thing  to  be  looked  after  is  the  preservation 
of  the  mother.  First  cut  off  the  head  close  to  the  skull,  then  cut  a hole 
through  the  skin  and  flesh  about  six  inches  back  on  the  top  of  the  neck  and 
guide  the  knife  so  as  to  piece  between  the  first  two  bones  of  the  neck.  Then 
pass  a small  rope  through  the  first  bone  of  the  neck  and  through  the  open- 
ing and  tie  it.  You  then  have  a hold  that  will  stand  a pull.  You  must  then 
force  the  foetus  back  into  the  womb,  .raise  the  fore  feet  as  described,  fetch 
the  neck  into  position  and  deliver. 

If  the  colt  or  calf  is  lying  upon  its  back  with  the  legs  turned  upward 
within  the  womb,  it  will  be  impossible  to  extract  it  in  that  position.  It  must 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


123 


be  turned  which  will  prove  a difficult  task.  In  this  position  a great  deal  de- 
pends upon  the  judgment  of  the  operator.  If  the  mother  is  lying  down  the 
hind  parts  should  be  raised  higher  than  the  fore  quarters.  Seize  the  foetus 
and  fasten  a small  rope  around  each  fore  fetlock  and  another  around  the  jaws. 
Then,  if  the  foetus  is  slightly  turned  to  the  left,  let  the  operator  pass  his 
right  hand  under  the  left  shoulder.  Have  the  rope  attached  to  the  right 
leg  pass  out  on  the  left  side  of  the  head.  Then,  at  each  labor  pain,  draw 
tightly  upon  the  rope,  and  with  the  hand  under  the  shoulder,  raise  up  with 
a rotary  movement.  In  the  course  of  time  you  will  completely  turn  the  little 
creature  around  to  a proper  position.  Proceed  in  a manner  precisely  the 
reverse  if  the  foetus  is  turned  to  the  right.  When  the  proper  position  is 
gained,  delivery  will  be  easy.  If  the  mother  can  be  kept  in  a standing  posi- 
tion the  foetus  can  be  much  more  easily  handled. 

Fore  Legs  Completely  Retained. 

The  complete  retention  of  one  or  both  of  the  fore  legs  of  the  foetus 
within  the  womb  with  head  presentation  is  frequently  met  with  in  veterinary 


ONE  FORE  LIMB  COMPLETELY  RETAINED. 


practice.  With  the  mare  the  case  is  somewhat  serious,  the  colt  usually  dy- 
ing before  delivery  is  completed.  But  with  the  cow  the  danger  is  not  so 
great ; the  calf,  in  all  probability  will  be  delivered  alive.  The  position  is, 
no  doubt,  assumed  during  birth  in  the  same  manner  as  knee  flexion.  It  is 


124 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


possible  for  the  foetus  to  be  delivered  in  this  position,  but  it  would  have  to 
be  very  small,  and  the  vagina  of  the  mother  very  large  and  roomy.  This 
position  is  more  frequently  seen  in  the  colt  than  in  the  calf,  a fact  probably 
due  to  its  having  much  longer  legs.  In  making  an  exploring  examination, 
to  determine  the  true  position,  the  hand  will  touch  first  the  head,  sometimes 
at  the  inlet,  at  others  further  outward  within  the  vaginal  passage.  If  both 
limbs  are  completely  retained,  the  head  may  be  forced  well  into  the  vaginal 


FORE  LIMBS  COMPLETELY  RETAINED. 


canal  or  even  to  the  outlet  at  each  labor  pain,  but  retracting  immediately 
after  each  pain  ceases.  Sometimes  it  is  with  the  greatest  difficulty  that  the 
fore  legs  are  reached,  owing  to  the  vast  dimensions  of  the  womb,  although 
the  arm  may  be  introduced  without  trouble.  When  the  legs  can  be  felt  they 
are  usually  lying  immediately  under  the  abdomen  or  beside  the  chest  and 
flanks.  The  main  object  now  is  to  reach  the  legs  with  the  hand  and  bring 
them  forward  to  the  knee  position  first.  In  order  to  do  this  it  may  be  nec- 
essary to  force  the  head  back  within  the  womb.  If  so,  first  place  a rope 
around  the  neck  and  lower  jaw,  then  force  it  back  within  the  womb  during 
the  intervals  between  the  labor  pains.  Then  pass  a rope  around  the  fore- 
arm of  the  colt  or  calf,  pushing  it  well  down  toward  the  knee,  and  use  gentle 
traction  until  you  bring  the  knee  up  to  the  passage.  You  may  then  fasten 
the  rope  to  the  fetlock,  and  have  an  assistant  to  use  traction  upward  and  out- 
ward, while  you  grasp  the  knee  and  force  it  upward  and  backward  within 
the  womb.  Next  bring  the  other  leg  into  position  in  the  same  way.  In  this 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


125 


manner  the  fore  legs  are  brought  into  proper  position.  Then  you  should 
find  the  head  and  place  the  hand  under  the  nose  and  lower  jaw,  and  have  an 
assistant  pull  upon  the  rope  which  was  fixed  to  the  jaw  until  the  head  is 
brought  into  position,  but  little  force  may  be  required  after  this  to  complete 
the  delivery.  If  the  head  presents  beyond  the  outlet  and  the  foetus  is  dead 
you  should  remove  the  head  before  forcing  it  back  within  the  womb,  (this 
operation  is  described  under  the  head  of  Fore  Legs  Flexed  at  the  Knee).  Then 


FORE  LIMBS  CXIMPLETELY  RETAINED— REVERSE  POSITION. 


proceed  as  before  described.  Indeed  it  is  sometimes  necessary  to  decapitate 
a living-foetus,  in  order  to  save  the  mother.  To  place  a rope  around  the 
neck  in  this  position  and  apply  force  without  placing  the  foetus  in  position  is 
brutal  and  the  law  for  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  animals  should  be  rigidly 
enforced  in  such  cases. 


Downward  Deviation  of  the  Head. 

Downward  deviation  of  the  head  may  exist  from  mere  flexion  of  the 
head  on  the  first  bone  of  the  neck,  the  nose  being  caught  on  the  lower  bone 
of  the  pelvic  inlet  But  when  the  downward  deviation  is  great  the  upper 
part  of  the  head  comes  in  contact  with  the  lower  border  of  the  inlet  and  is 
forced  down  beneath  the  chest  and  abdomen.  The  cause  usually  is  prema- 
ture rupture  of  the  foetal  membranes  and  the  nose  or  head  catching  on  the 
pelvic  border  as  the  foetus  is  entering  the  inlet.  If  the  feet  are  in  a proper 
position  and  the  nose  catches  on  the  lower  border  of  the  inlet,  the  contrac- 
tions of  the  womb  will  force  the  upper  part  of  the  head  and  neck  into  the 


126 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


genital  passage  along  with  the  feet.  Then  the  operator,  on  passing  the 
hand  to  explore  matters,  will  come  in  contact  first  with  the  feet  and  next 
with  the  top  of  the  head.  During  the  intervals  of  labor  he  should  press 
backward  and  upward  against  the  top  of  the  head;  then  pass  the  hand  down 
under  the  nose,  seize  the  lower  jaw  and  raise  upward  and  outward.  The 
head  will  be  easily  thrown  into  the  natural  position,  when  delivery  may  be 
completed  in  the  usual  way.  But,  if  the  pains  have  forced  the  head  and 


DOWNWARD  DEVIATION  OF  THE  HEAD. 


neck  outward,  so  that  they  are  firmly  wedged  in  the  passage,  take  a crotch 
and  place  it  against  the  shoulder  and  force  the  foetus  back  within  the  womb 
a distance  sufficient  to  admit  of  raising  the  nose  and  placing  the  head  in  a 
proper  position  to  allow  a natural  birth.  This  may  take  some  time  but  can 
be  accomplished. 

When  the  top  of  the  head  rests  against  the  lower  border  of  the  inlet 
the  case  is  a little  more  diffcult  but  can  be  brought  into  position  by  passing 
the  hand  down  to  the  nose  and  fastening  a rope  to  the  upper  jaw.  Then  let 
the  operator  press  backward  on  the  side  of  the  neck  and  an  assistant  draw 
upward  and  outward  on  the  rope,  and  most  frequently  the  head  will  be 
brought  in  position.  But,  if  labor  has  been  progressing  some  time,  and 
some  wise  fool  has  been  pulling  at  the  legs,  the  head  will  be  forced  down 
underneath  the  chest,  and  possibly  as  far  back  as  the  abdomen.  You  then 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


127 


have  one  of  the  most  critical  cases  to  deal  with.  Indeed,  so  critical  is  the 
case,  you  may  consider  yourself  extremely  fortunate  should  you  complete  a 
delivery  and  save  the  life  of  the  mother.  You  may  take  a couple  of  blunt 
crotches  and  place  them  against  the  shoulders  of  the  foetus  and  push  it 
back  within  the  womb.  If  you  succeed  in  this,  you  may  reach  the  head, 
which  you  may  fasten  with  cords,  as  before  described,  and  raise  it  up.  If 
you  fail  in  this,  you  may  return  the  fore  limbs  and  try  to  turn  the  foetus 
around  and  deliver  the  hind  feet  first.  Failing  in  this,  you  may  cut  off  the 
head  when  you  feel  the  neck,  and  then  deliver;  or,  amputate  the  legs  at  the 
shoulder,  and  then  deliver.  Use  plenty  of  fresh  lard  and  handle  the  knife 
carefully. 


Lateral  Deviation  of  the  Head  to  the  Right  or  Left. 

In  this  position  the  head  is  carried  either  to  the  right  or  left  side  of 
the  foetus,  and  the  fore  legs  presented  either  in  the  genital  passage  or  at  the 
outlet.  It  may  be  caused  by  uterine  contractions  taking  place  too  strongly 


LATERAL  DEVIATION  OF  THE  HEAD  TO  THE  RIGHT  OR  LEFT  IN  AN 
UPWARD  POSITION. 

before  the  mouth  of  the  womb  is  thoroughly  dilated.  If  the  nose  is  not  in 
a straight  line  with  the  opening,  when  partially  dilated  the  fore  feet  may 
pass  through  and  as  the  uterine  contractions  increase  in  force  the  head  is 
forced  off  to  one  side.  Sometimes  it  rests  back  on  the  shoulders,  at  others 
down  along  the  back  or  sides,  and  it  may  be  down  by  the  fianks  of  the 
mother.  I have  delivered  two  cases  when  the  deviation  was  to  the  right 
side  and  the  colts  were  wry-necked  and  could  not  be  straightened  after 
delivery.  One  was  born  dead  and  the  other,  to  my  knowledge,  lived  for 
two  years  with  a crooked  neck.  It  was  then  sold  and  taken  out  of  the 
neighborhood.  As  a rule  it  is  not  hard  to  distinguish  this  position  of  a colt 
or  calf.  The  fore  legs  will  be  presented  in  the  genital  canal,  but  birth  is 
retarded  and  on  the  side  to  which  the  head  is  turned  the  leg  will  appear 


128 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


shorter  than  the  other.  On  being  passed  beyond  these  the  hand  comes  in 
contact  with  a bulky  mass  occupying  the  whole  space  of  the  inlet,  rendering 
access  to  the  uterine  cavity  difficult.  Upon  examination  this  will  be  found 
to  be  the  neck;  and,  by  tracing  it  up,  the  ears,  eyes  and  frequently  the  nose 
can  be  felt — if  a calf.  But,  if  a colt,  it  is  seldom  that  the  nose  can  be  felt  if 
the  uterine  contractions  have  continued  for  any  length  of  time.  The  colt’s 
head  will  be  pushed  back  toward  the  chest,  abdomen  or  flanks,  when  it 


LATERAL.  DEVIATION  OF  THE  HEAD  TO  THE  RIGHT  OR  LEFT. 


scarcely  can  be  reached.  This  position  is  not  only  frequent  but  serious,  as 
it  is  impossible  for  birth  to  occur  without  assistance,  and  this  requires 
strength,  perseverence  and  ingenuity.  The  object  now  is  to  get  hold  of  the 
head  and  bring  it  into  a favorable  position  and  then  complete  the  delivery. 
But  this  cannot  be  done  very  easily,  especially  when  the  head  is  lying  along 
the  abdomen  or  down  in  the  flank  and  beyond  reach  of  the  operator.  If  the 
head  can  be  felt  by  the  hand,  you  should  catch  hold  of  the  cheeks,  by 
putting  your  hand  into  its  mouth,  and  raise  it  into  position.  Failing  in  this, 
fasten  a rope  around  the  lower  jaw,  then  secure  the  legs  with  ropes  and  push 
the  foetus  back  into  the  womb.  Then  have  an  assistant  pull  on  the  rope 
attached  to  the  jaw  while  the  operator  pushes  inward  on  the  neck  just  at 
the  bend.  The  head  will  readily  be  brought  into  the  vaginal  passage.  Then 
draw  up  the  feet  and  complete  delivery.  In  case  the  feet  present  and  the 
head  cannot  be*reached  by  the  operator,  first  fasten  small  ropes  to  the  fore 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


129 


fetlocks.  Then  return  the  legs  to  the  womb,  pressing  them  to  the  opposite 
side  from  that  to  which  the  head  is  bent.  Then,  if  the  head  is  turned  to 
the  right,  press  against  the  left  shoulder,  and  vice  versa  if  it  is  turned  to  the 
left.  With  the  hand  or  a crotch  you  can  fasten  a rope  around  the  neck. 
Pass  the  rope  along  the  neck  as  near  the  head  as  possible,  then  twist  the 
rope  until  it  presses  deeply  into  the  flesh  of  the  neck,  care  being  taken  not 
to  entangle  the  membranes  in  the  rope.  Then  press  inward  on  the  shoulder 


LATERAL  DEVIATION  OF  THE  HEAD  TO  THE  RIGHT  OR  LEFT. 


and  draw  outwards  and  sideways  on  the  neck  and  you  will  draw  the  head 
backward  toward  the  natural  position.  Continue  in  this  until  you  can  reach 
the  head,  when  you  should  fasten  the  rope  to  the  head  or  lower  jaw,  after 
which  you  can  easily  bring  it  into  position.  Then  draw  up  the  feet  and 
complete  the  delivery.  Sometimes  an  advantage  is  gained  by  securing  the 
legs  with  cords,  then  placing  a crotch  against  the  neck  or  upper  part  of  the 
chest  and  forcing  the  foetus  back  into  the  womb,  while  the  operator  fastens 
a blunt  hook  into  the  eye  or  mouth  of  the  foetus  and  uses  outward  traction 
on  the  head.  But  if  the  mouth  can  be  reached  I would  prefer  catching  the 
hold  there.  If  the  foetus  is  dead  and  the  membranes  are  dry,  use  copious 
injections  of  warm  water.  Perseverence  and  good  judgment  will  nearly 
always  effect  a delivery  in  this  position.  Let  the  knife  for  dissecting  pur- 
poses be  the  very  last  resort. 


130 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Deviation  of  the  Head  Upward  and  Backward. 

In  this  position  the  head  will  be  found  more  or  less  extended  along  the 
back  or  slightly  deviated  to  one  side  with  the  inferior  border  of  the  lower 
jaw  resting  against  the  mother’s  back.  In  this  position  the  head  may  be 
forced  through  the  womb  into  the  rectum,  causing  rupture  of  the  perineum, 
and  the  foetus  may  be  delivered  in  that  way.  On  examination  the  fore-feet 
will  first  be  felt,  possibly  well  advanced  into  the  vagina,  and  beyond  them  at 
the  inlet  the  hand  meets  the  chest  and,  above,  the  lower  part  of  the  neck 
which,  if  traced  backward,  will  lead  to  the  head  more  or  less  back  on  the 


DEVIATION  OF  THE  HEAD  UPWARD  AND  BACKWARD. 


withers  and  loins  or  very  slightly  inclined  to  one  side,  the  lower  jaw  facing 
the  back  of  the  mother.  In  order  to  place  the  head  in  a natural  position  it 
is  necessary  to  force  the  foetus  back  within  the  womb  by  pressing  the  chest 
downward.  Should  the  head  not  drop  down  into  the  natural  position,  intro^ 
duce  the  hand  and  seize  the  head  by  the  mouth  or  lower  jaw,  and  pull  it 
downward,  slightly  sideward  and  outward  into  the  natural  passage.  If  this 
cannot  be  done  with  the  hand,  place  a small  rope  around  the  lower  jaw  and 
have  an  assistant  pull  while  the  operator  guides  the  head  with  his  hand  until 
it  is  brought  into  the  natural  passage,  when  delivery  will  be  completed 
easily.  This  is  not  a difficult  position  and  can  be  rectified  with  ease  and 
safety. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


131 


Hind-Leg  Deviation— Anterior  Presentation. 

In  this  position  the  operator  may  consider  the  case  a natural  presenta- 
tion, which  it  is  as  far  as  the  head  and  fore-feet  are  concerned.  Birth  may 
be  proceeding  favorably,  the  fore-legs,  head  and  body  being  normal  and  in  a 
natural  position  protruding  well  beyond  the  outlet;  when,  suddenly,  the 
foetus  becomes  locked  or  wedged  within  the  passage,  notwithstanding  the 
mother  increases  her  efforts  at  straining;  and  powerful  traction  upon  the 
foetus  fails  to  bring  it  beyond  a certain  point. 

The  operator  should  pass  his  hand  underneath  the  abdomen  of  the 
foetus,  along  the  genital  passage,  until  he  reaches  the  inlet,  where  he  will 
find  the  obstruction.  Here  he  may  find  the  thighs  of  the  foetus  turned  out- 


HIND  LIMB  DEVIATION— ANTERIOR  PRESENTATION. 


ward  from  its  flanks,  forming  too  broad  a surface  to  pass  through  the  genital 
canal.  Sometimes  he  will  find  the  hind  legs  flexed  forward  underneath  the 
belly  of  the  foetus  and  the  feet  or  fetlocks  caught  under  the  brim  of  the 
pelvis  at  the  inlet,  so  that  to  deliver  by  force  would  cause  the  hind-legs  of 
the  foetus  to  force  their  way  through  the  tissues  into  the  abdominal  cavity 
of  the  mother  before  the  delivery  could  be  completed;  and  this  might  cause 
the  death  of  both  mother  and  offspring.  A safe  delivery  can  be  effected 
only  by  the  proper  adjustment  of  the  hind  legs.  This  is  all  the  more 
difficult  when  the  foetus  is  well  advanced  in  the  passage  and  much  traction 
has  been  employed  If,  upon  examination,  the  thighs  are  extended  outward 
from  the  flanks  of  the  foetus,  it  should  be  forced  back  within  the  womb  and 
the  limbs  drawn  as  closely  together  as  possible  with  the  hand.  If  this  can 
not  be  done,  you  may  take  a half  inch  rope,  well  greased,  and  fasten  it 
around  the  body  of  the  foetus  with  a running  noose.  Then  the  operator 
should  work  the  rope  just  beyond  the  rump  of  the  foetus  or  midway  between 


132  EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 

the  rump  and  the  hocks.  He  must  hold  it  there  while  an  assistant  draws 
tightly  on  the  rope  and  forces  the  thighs  together.  The  delivery  can  then 
be  completed.  If,  however,  the  foetus  can  not  be  forced  back  into  the  womb 
to  adjust  the  thighs,  cut  it  off  close  up  to  the  mother;  then  force  the 
remainder  back  within  the  womb  and  deliver  the  hind  feet  first.  But,  if 
upon  examination,  the  hind  feet  or  fetlocks  are  found  to  be  caught  below 
the  brim  of  the  pelvis  at  the  inlet,  you  should  pass  your  hand  between  the 
belly  of  the  foetus  and  the  genital  canal,  until  you  come  in  contact  with  the 
feet  or  fetlocks.  Then  pass  the  hand  with  the  palmar  surface  against  the 
feet  or  fetlocks  and  extend  it  backward  and  inward  as  far  as  the  arm  will 
reach,  when  traction  may  be  applied  to  the  foetus  and  delivery  completed. 


Deviation  of  the  Hind-Legs  into  the  Genital  Canal— The 
Anterior  Part  of  the  Body  Presenting. 

In  this  position  we  have  a serious  case  to  deal  with.  Generally  the 
principal  object  is  to  save  the  life  of  the  mother.  The  foetus  generally  is 
dead  or  in  a dying  condition  before  help  is  thought  necessary  to  complete 


DEVIATION  OF  THE  HIND  LIMBS  INTO  THE  GENITAL  PASSAGE — THE 
ANTERIOR  PART  OF  THE  BODY  PRESENTING. 


the  delivery.  Outward  appearances  may  reveal  nothing  but  a natural  pre- 
sentation— the  fore-feet  and  head  being  presented  and  sometimes  so  well 
advanced  that  part  of  the  chest  will  be  presented  to  view  beyond  the  outlet, 
when  progress  ceases,  notwithstanding  the  violent  efforts  of  the  mother  are 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


133 


increased  and  forcible  traction  has  been  used.  The  operator  now  has  great 
difficulty  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  the  delay,  the  difficulty  depending  upon 
the  size  of  the  foetus  and  the  amount  of  space  in  the  genital  canal  occupied 
by  it.  The  hand  should  be  introduced  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  delay, 
which  may  .be  very  difficult.  When  the  feet  are  found  they  should  be 
examined  to  make  certain  they  are  the  hind  ones.  Sometimes  the  hind  legs 
are  well  advanced  in  the  passage,  even  as  far  as  the  hocks;  but  this  depends 
greatly  upon  the  size  of  the  foetus  and  the  capacity  of  the  mother.  It  is 
impossible  to  extract  the  foetus  until  this  position  is  rectified,  no  matter 
what  amount  of  force  may  be  used;  and  violent  force  is  certain  to  injure  the 
mother.  It  is,  therefore,  necessary  to  ascertain  the  exact  state  of  affairs 
before  using  any  force,  As  to  saving  the  life  of  the  foetus,  should  it  be 
living,  your  decision  generally  must  be  unfavorable.  In  a great  majority  of 
cases  the  young  animal,  if  not  already  dead,  must  be  sacrificed  to  save  the 
life  of  the  mother. 

If  attention  is  given  to  the  mother  before  the  foetus  has  advanced  far 
into  the  passage  and  the  hind  feet  are  found  mingled  with  the  fore  feet,  the 
operator  will  have  little  difficulty  in  pusning  them  back  to  the  lower  border 
of  the  pelvis.  Then  push  them  downward  and  inward  and  immediately 
after  grasp  the  fore  feet  and  head  and  hasten  the  delivery,  which  can  be 
done  successfully.  Or  the  operator  may  hold  the  hind  feet  back  while  an 
assistant  extracts  the  foetus.  But  if  the  foetus  is  well  advanced,  the  fore 
legs,  head  and  chest  being  beyond  the  outlet,  you  may  try  and  force  it  back 
within  the  womb  until  you  can  reach  the  hind  feet.  Then,  if  possible,  push 
them  back  within  the  womb,  oither  with  the  hand  or  with  a crotch.  Then, 
the  head  and  fore  legs  being  in  good  position,  delivery  can  be  effected 
easily.  When  the  foetus  has  advanced  so  far  and  is  very  large,  it  is  very 
seldom  possible  to  force  it  back  into  the  womb  or  even  to  introduce  the  hand 
beside  it.  The  only  recourse  left  then  is  to  cut  the  foetus  off  close  up  to  the 
mother;  then  force  the  remainder  back  within  the  womb,  turn  it  around 
and  deliver  the  hind  feet  first. 


Posterior  Presentation. 

In  posterior  presentation,  as  in  anterior  presentation,  the  foetus  may 
assume  several  positions,  in  only  one  of  which  a spontaneous  and  natural 
delivery  can  result.  This  is  when  the  back  of  the  foetus  is  next  to  the  back 
of  the  mother,  the  abdomen  next  to  the  lower  part  of  the  pelvis  and  the 
thighs  occupying  the  horizontal  diameter  of  the  genital  canal,  the  hind 
legs  being  fully  extended  outward  and  entering  the  inlet,  first  gradually 
dilating  the  mouth  of  the  womb.  Birth  in  this  position  without  assistance 
is  more  frequent  with  cows  than  with  mares  acd  the  calves  are  generally 
alive.  With  the  mare  parturition  is  more  prolonged  and  laborious,  and  the 
foal  quickly  dies  after  rupture  of  the  membranes,  or  ^’s  suffocated  im- 
mediately after  birth  for  want  of  attention.  Colts  that  are  foaled  in  this 


134 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


position  should  be  raised  by  the  hind  legs  until  the  head  is  clear  off  from 
the  ground,  to  allow  the  escape  of  any  fluid  that  may  be  in  the  wind-pipe. 
I have  seen  as  much  as  a pint  escape  and  the  little  animal  begin  to  breathe 
and  do  well.  When  colts  are  foaled  with  an  anterior  presentation  the  head 
and  neck  hang  down  so  that  if  any  fluids  have  accumulated  in  the  wind-pipe 
the  escape  spontaneously.  With  the  posterior  position  it  is  just  the  reverse, 
hence  the  necessity  of  raising  the  hind  quarters  and  allowing  the  fluid  to 
escape.  The  foal  sometimes  perishes  quickly  after  rupture  of  the  mem- 
branes. It  is  therefore  necessary,  in  a posterior  presentation,  when  every- 
thing is  favorable,  to  hasten  the  delivery  to  save  the  life  of  the  colt. 


POSTERIOR  PRESENTATION,  OR  HIND  FEET  PRESENTATION. 


In  the  posterior  reversed  position,  when  the  hind  feet  are  presented 
with  the  foetus  lying  on  its  back  within  the  mother,  its  belly  against  the 
back  of  the  mother  and  its  back  upon  the  lower  bone  of  the  pelvis,  there  is 
danger  ahead  and  trouble  to  be  anticipated.  As  a consequence  of  this 
reversed  position,  the  hind  legs  (which  enter  the  passage  first)  are  directed 
upward  and  outward,  and  are  the  parts  first  met  by  the  hand  in  making  an 
examination.  The  operator  can  make  no  mistake  if  he  notices  whether  the 
back  or  front  of  the  hind  leg  is  uppermost.  This  can  be  told  easily  from 
the  shape  of  the  feet  or  the  position  of  the  hocks,  the  point  of  the  latter 
being  downward,  and  the  bend  upward  in  the  same  direction  as  the  wall  of 
the  hoof.  Whereas,  the  bend  of  the  knee  is  in  the  same  direction  as  the 
sole  of  the  foot.  The  obstacle  to  birth  lies  in  the  buttocks  resting  against 
the  lower  border  of  the  pelvis,  while  the  legs  are  extended  upward  towards 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


135 


the  mother’s  back,  and  to  a certain  extent  held  rigid.  There  is  danger  of 
lacerating  the  perineum;  or  the  feet  may  be  pushed  through  into  the 
rectum,  causing  rupture  of  the  perineum.  Besides  this,  the  body  of  the 
foetus  itself  forms  a curve  exactly  opposite  to  that  of  the  genital  canal,  so 
that  it  can  not  easily  accommodate  itself  to  the  Dony  canal  through  which 
it  must  pass.  From  these  circumstances  the  position  not  only  is  unfavorable 
to  birth,  but  must  be  remedied  or  serious  accidents  may  follow. 

When  the  foetus  is  found  in  this  position  the  operator  must  take  great 
care  in  conducting  the  feet  through  the  genital  canal,  to  prevent  lacera- 
tions of  the  perineum.  Sometimes,  in  order  to  bring  the  feet  beyond  the 
outlet,  it  is  necessary  to  pass  the  hand  and  raise  the  hocks  above  the  brim 
of  the  pelvis.  As  soon  as  the  feet  appear  beyond  the  outlet  they  should  be 
secured  with  ropes,  and,  while  an  assistant  seizes  the  legs  and  attempts  to 
turn  the  foetus  on  its  belly,  the  operator  should  pass  his  hand  under  its 
rump  and  assist  in  turning  it  over  so  that  its  back  rests  against  the  mother’s 
back.  When  this  position  is  gained,  extract  the  foetus — if  necessary,  by 
forcible  traction.  If  the  foetus  is  small,  or  if  the  rump  has  passed  into  the 
genital  passage,  it  should  be  drawn  far  enough  into  the  passage  to  have  the 
rump  beyond  the  outlet;  then  twist  it  half  way  round,  or  until  the  back  is 
uppermost,  and  complete  the  delivery.  If  the  foetus  be  a colt  delivery  must 
be  completed  within  half  an  hour;  otherwise  it  is  likely  to  die  before 
entirely  born.  If  it  be  a calf  it  may  live  for  several  hours  and  be  born  alive. 


Hock  Presentation. 

This  presentation  is  liable  to  happen  when  there  is  a posterior  presenta- 
tion and  the  womb  contractions  force  the  foetus  toward  the  inlet  before  the 
hind  legs  are  completely  extended.  Consequently,  the  back  part  of  the 
legs  below  the  hocks  come  in  contact  with  the  brim  of  the  pelvis.  The 
croup,  being  above,  naturally  forces  the  legs  into  a cramped  position.  The 
labor  pains  continuing,  the  croup  has  a tendency  to  descend,  and,  with  the 
hocka,  to  enter  the  pelvic  inlet.  The  legs  now  being  thoroughly  flexed,  the 
croup  pressing  upon  them  they  become  jammed  tightly  in  the  inlet,  forming 
too  large  a mass  to  advance  further.  Therefore  labor  is  suspended  and  the 
animal  becomes  exhausted  by  continuous  straining. 

On  making  an  examination  in  hock  presentation,  the  point  of  the  hock 
is  always  the  first  part  encountered,  but  it  may  be  found  at  different  points. 
Sometimes  it  is  well  advanced  in  the  inlet,  the  croup  and  body  of  the  foetus 
being  still  within  the  womb.  In  other  cases  the  body  and  croup  are  in  the 
inlet  and  thoroughly  wedged  in  the  passage.  As  a rule,  if  the  mother  has 
run  the  full  period  of  gestation,  birth  cannot  take  place  until  the  deviation 
has  been  rectified;  and  until  this  has  been  done,  a forcible  attempt  at 
delivery  is  likely  to  take  the  life  of  the  mother.  Therefore  it  is  necessary 
to  place  the  hind  legs  in  a favorable  position,  by  extending  them  into  the 


136 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


genital  passage.  This  is  more  easily  done  with  the  calf  than  with  the  colt, 
owing  to  the  shortness  of  the  legs  of  the  former.  If  the  offspring  be  very 
small  and  the  mother  large  and  roomy  in  the  genital  canal  the  foetus  may 
be  delivered  in  this  position,  by  extending  its  legs  forward  underneath  its 
abdomen.  But  this  would  be  a very  exceptional  case. 

The  best  mode  of  completing  delivery  is  to  so  adjust  the  fcietus  that  the 
hind  legs  are  completely  extended  outward.  This  is  quite  easily  accom-* 
plished,  if  an  examination  be  made  before  the  foetus  has  entered  the  pelvic 


HOCK  PRESENTATION. 


inlet,  or,  at  the  most,  the  points  of  the  hocks  and  raising  them  upward,  at 
the  same  time  pressing  inward,  the  operator  can  draw  the  feet  into  the 
pelvic  inlet.  Or,  if  the  operator  has  secured  the  feet  by  ropes  previous  to 
handling  the  hocks,  as  he  raises  and  forces  them  inward  an  assistant  can 
pull  on  the  ropes  and  bring  the  feet  onward  into  the,  genital  canal,  and  can 
then  complete  the  birth  with  ease.  But  at  a later  period,  when  labor  is 
more  advanced  and  the  croup  is  well  advanced  or  wedged  in  the  inlet  along 
with  the  hocks,  the  case  is  more  troublesome.  First,  fasten  a rope  around 
each  hock  separately;  then  apply  pressure  to  the  croup,  forcing  it  inward 
and  upward  until  you  force  it  within  the  womb,  or  far  enough  inward  to 
secure  the  feet  with  ropes.  Then  take  hold  of  the  hocks  and  press  upward 
and  inward,  when  an  assistant  may  draw  upward  and  outward  on  the  ropes 
and  bring  the  feet  into  position. 

If  there  is  much  trouble  in  forcing  the  foetus  back  and  it  is  known  to  be 
dead,  or  if  it  must  be  sacrificed  to  save  the  mother,  ropes  may  be  fastened 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


137 


HOCK  PRESENTATION— REVERSED  POSITION. 


138 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


to  the  hind  legs  and  the  hocks  drawn  as  near  the  outlet  as  possible.  Then 
amputate  the  legs  at  the  hocks,  remove  the  detached  parts  and  the  re- 
mainder is  easily  brought  into  position  for  delivery.  If  the  mother  persists 
in  lying  you  may  elevate  her  hind  quarters  by  packing  straw  under  her.  If 
thought  necessary  place  the  hobbles  on  the  hind  feet,  then  place  a rope  over 
a high  beam  and  draw  up  the  hind  parts.  This,  sometimes,  will  greatly 
lessen  the  danger  to  the  operator  and  assist  him  in  extracting  the  foetus. 


Thigh  and  Croup  Presentation. 

The  cause  of  this  mal-position  is  the  same  as  that  operating  in  the  hock 
presentation.  It  occurs  frequently  with  both  mares  and  cows.  When  the 
thigh  and  croup  are  presented  and  the  legs  are  flexed  slightly  forward  the 
mass  is  too  large  to  enter  the  pelvic  inlet.  But,  as  labor  progresses, 


THIGH  AND  CROUP  PRESENTATION. 


the  croup  is  forced  into  the  pelvic  inlet,  while  the  thighs  are  forced  down- 
ward and  the  legs  forward  until  the  latter  are  pressed  up  against  the  abdo- 
men. In  this  position  birth  is  possible;  but  the  foetus  must  be  very  small 
and  the  pelvis  of  the  mother  large  and  well  formed.  In  this  position,  upon 
examination,  the  hand  first  encounters  the  tail  and  buttocks  of  the  foeetus, 
then  the  thighs,  and  possibly  the  hocks.  But  if  labor  is  somewhat  advanced 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


139 


the  legs  will  be  pressed  up  along  the  abdomen,  when  the  hocks  will  be 
beyond  the  reach.  The  croup  and  haunch  may  have  passed  some  distance 
into  the  pelvic  inlet,  yet  it  is  very  unusual  for  any  part  of  the  foetus,  except 
the  tail,  to  be  discernable  externally,  no  matter  how  long  labor  may  have 
been  progressing.  This  mal-position  is  the  most  difficult  encountered  in 
veterinary  obstetrics.  Sometimes  the  mother  perishes  without  being  de- 
livered. Though  a living  calf  sometimes  is  delivered  in  this  position,  a 


THIGH  AND  CROUP  PRESENTATION— THE  HOCK  CORDED. 


living  foal  is  very  raiely  obtained;  and  only  too  often  the  mare  dies  after 
the  foal  has  been  taken  away.  The  chance  of  saving  either  mother  or 
offspring  depends  greatly  upon  the  length  of  time  the  mother  has  been  in 
labor,  and  the  amount  of  injury  or  irritation  sustained  by  the  genital  organs 
through  improper  handling.  The  chances  are  lessened  if  it  be  the  first 
foal  or  calf,  or  if  the  foetus  be  unusually  large.  To  complete  birth  it  is 
necessary  to  extend  the  limbs  of  the  foetus  backward,  as  in  ordinary  breech 
presentation,  the  hind  feet  first  so  that  the  mother’s  efforts  with  slight 
assistance  from  the  operator  will  effect  a delivery.  This  will  prove  a 
difficult  task.  Though,  in  some  instances,  where  labor  has  not  advanced 
very  far  and  the  foetus  is  still  in  the  uterine  cavity  and  can  be  moved  around 
so  that  the  feet  can  be  reached  and  brought  into  the  genital  passage,  it  is 
not  verv  difficult.  When  labor  has  progressed  far  enough  to  force  the 
croup  into  the  pelvic  inlet  delivery  will  be  completed  only  by  hard  work 
and  perseverence.  If  possible  place  a small  rope  around  each  leg  separately, 
as  low  down  as  the  hock.  Then  take  a repeller,  or  use  the  hand,  placing  it 
against  the  croup,  and  force  it  inward,  the  assistant  drawing  upward  and 


140 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


outward  upon  the  hock.  Continue  in  this  way  until  you  have  a hock  pre- 
sentation. Then  fasten  ropes  to  the  fetlocks,  and,  while  the  operator  seizes 
the  hocks  and  presses  upward  and  inward,  the  assistant  may  draw  upward 
and  outward  on  the  fetlocks,  until  they  are  brought  into  the  passage,  when 
the  delivery  may  be  completed.  But  if  the  croup  and  thighs  are  completely 
wedged  in  the  genital  passage  and  can  not  be  moved,  either  inward  or  out- 
ward, which  sometimes  is  the  case,  no  recourse  but  embryotomy  is  left. 


THIGH  AND  CROUP  PRESENTATION— THE  THIGHS  CORDED. 


This  is  a very  tedious  manner  of  completing  delivery.  Take  a guarded 
knife  and  cut  through  the  skin  and  muscles  until  you  come  to  the  hip  joint. 
Then  detach  that  limb  and  remove  the  other  in  the  same  manner,  after 
which  you  can  insert  hooks  in  the  cavity  of  the  hip-joint  and  extract.  Or, 
place  a rope  completely  around  the  body  of  the  foetus  and  extract.  Or, 
sever  the  muscles  from  the  bones  of  the  haunch  as  much  as  possible,  then 
fasten  a hook  into  the  bones  and  extract  them.  After  you  have  severed  the 
haunch  bones  remove  the  bowels.  Then  fasten  a rope  to  the  remaining 
skin  and  complete  delivery. 


Transverse  Presentation. 

The  foetus  is  in  a transverse  position  when,  upon  examination,  the  hand 
of  the  operator  first  encounters  the  shoulders,  withers,  sides,  flanks, 
haunches,  loins,  back,  breast,  belly,  or  all  of  the  limbs  collected  together. 
The  possibility  of  the  foetus  assuming  a transverse  position  within  the  womb 
is  by  some  strongly  disputed,  but  entirely  without  reason,  because  the  womb 
is  a soft,  yielding  membraneous  sack,  capable  of  assuming  almost  any 
position;  so  it  readily  appears  that  its  transverse  diameter  may  be  increased 
at  the  expense  of  its  length.  Though  transverse  presentation  sometimes  is 
observed,  it  is  not  nearly  so  common  as  an  anterior  or  posterior  presenta- 
tion. Still  it  is  quite  as  necessary  that  the  operator  should  understand 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


141 


something  of  this  presentation,  as  with  it  birth  is  impossible  when  un- 
assisted. No  matter  whether  the  foetus  presents  in  the  transverse  vertical 
or  transverse  horizontal  position,  version  must  he  accomplished  in  order  to 
change  it  to  either  an  anterior  or  posterior  presentation.  For  in  one  of 
these  ways  only  can  the  foetus  be  brought  into  the  pelvic  inlet  and  delivery 


be  effected.  This  presentation  occurs  more  frequently  in  the  mare  than  in 
the  cow,  perhaps,  owing  to  the  stronger  contractions  of  the  womb  of  the 
former,  not  allowing  proper  adjustment  of  the  foetus,  should  it  not  be  in  a 
position  exactly  favorable  at  the  commencement  of  labor. 


Shoulder  and  Loin  Presentation. 

When  labor  has  continued  for  some  time  with  little  or  no  progress,  and, 
upon  examination,  the  hand  of  the  operator  comes  in  contact  with  the 
shoulder  and  loins,  he  knows  that  he  has  to  deal  with  a transverse  presenta- 
tion. If  labor  has  lasted  some  time,  the  straining  has  been  energetic  and 
the  waters  have  escaped,  it  sometimes  is  a difficult  matter  to  decide  what 
part  of  the  foetus  the  hand  encounters  first.  There  is  first  felt  a more  or 
less  rounded  surface  that  has  no  special  characteristic  by  which  it  may  be 
recognized.  The  hand  should  then  be  introduced  farther  into  the  womb 
and  search  should  be  made  for  some  part  of  the  foetus  that  can  be  recog- 
nized. Then  study  the  position  of  the  young  creature  in  the  womb.  The 
presentation  having  been  recognized,  the  position  must  be  determined  by 
ascertaining  the  direction  in  which  the  head  lies.  With  the  foal  this  is 
accomplished  by  feeling  for  the  mane  and  tracing  it  as  far  as  the  arm  can 
reach.  It  may  lie  in  the  right  or  left  fiank  of  the  mother,  or  up  along  her 
back,  or  down  toward  the  fioor  of  her  uelly,  the  legs  assuming  different 


142 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


positions  in  a direction  opposite  to  the  head;  although  sometimes  one  leg  is 
found  crossed  over  the  neck.  To  learn  the  exact  position  is  absolutely 
necessary,  before  venturing  upon  any  attempt  at  extraction,  as  in  nearly 
every  case  the  presentation  is  a difficult  one  and  requires  all  the  skill  and 


SHOULDER  AND  LOIN  PRESENTATION. 

judgment  of  the  operator  to  rectify  it.  But  if  labor  has  not  continued  any 
length  of  time  before  the  operator  discovers  the  presentation,  and  if  the 
membranes  are  soft  and  yielding  from  the  natural  fluids,  the  position, 
generally,  is  easily  converted  into  an  anterior  or  posterior  presentation  and 
living  foetus  is  delivered.  If  labor  has  continued  for  some  time  and  the 
patient  is  a mare,  you  may  depend  upon  it  the  foal  will  be  dead.  But  with 
a cow  a living  calf  may  be  delivered — the  tenacity  of  life  and  the  power  of 
endurance  are  wonderful.  The  principal  object  is  to  convert  the  transverse 
presentation  into  either  an  anterior  or  a posterior  presentation,  for  only  in 
this  way  can  delivery  be  effected.  If  the  foetus  lies  or  can  be  moved  so  that 
the  head  and  fore  legs  are  most  convenient  and  can  with  the  least  difficulty 
be  brought  into  the  pelvic  inlet,  the  position  should  be  converted  into  an 
anterior  presentation.  If  the  hind  legs  are  most  accessible  and  can  be 
brought  into  the  inlet  with  less  difficulty,  convert  the  position  into  a pos- 
terior presentation.  But  to  do  either  is,  generally,  a difficult  task,  as  the 
presentation  offers  nothing  to  take  hold  of  advantageously,  or  to  which 
ropes  could  be  attached.  If  labor  has  progressed  for  some  time  and  the 
membranes  are  dry,  before  attempting  to  turn  the  foetus,  it  is  a good  treat- 
ment to  inject  warm  water  into  the  womb,  to  moisten  the  membranes,  which 
will  greatly  aid  the  operator  in  his  efforts  at  version.  The  foetus  must  not 
be  pushed  directly  forward  into  the  womb,  but  rather  obliquely  and  in  a 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


143 


direction  opposite  to  that  of  the  parts  we  wish  to  bring  into  the  inlet.  If 
the  mother  be  lying  down,  the  operator  will  find  it  greatly  to  his  advantage 
to  raise  her  hind  quarters  very  high.  He  should  be  persistent  in  his  work, 
use  frequent  injections  of  warm  water,  and,  in  the  great  majority  of  cases, 
the  foetus  will  glide  around  the  inner  surface  of  the  womb  until  a convenient 
part  presents  itself.  Then  the  fore  legs  and  head,  if  they  are  the  parts 


SHOULDER  AMD  LOIN  PRESENTATION. 


sought,  or  the  hind  legs,  are  brought  into  the  genital  canal  by  the  hand  or 
by  ropes,  when  slight  traction  will  complete  the  delivery.  When  all  these 
maneuvers  have  failed  embryotomy  should  be  performed  in  such  manner  as 
the  operator  deems  most  advantageous.  At  the  best  it  will  be  a difficult, 
tedious  and  laborious  task,  seldom  attended  with  satisfactory  results.  The 
mother  generally  perishes,  either  during  the  operation  or  shortly  afterward. 


Breast  and  Abdominal  Presentation. 

This  presentation  is  quite  common  in  both  mares  and  cows,  but  more 
frequently  occurs  in  the  former.  Generally  the  foetus  is  lying  on  its  side 
with  its  legs  fiexed,  or  extended,  or  presented  at  the  inlet,  or  engaged  in  the 
passage.  There  is  no  difficulty  in  discovering  and  recognizing  ihis  position, 
as  the  operator  passes  the  hand  to  explore  the  parts  it  first  encounters  the 
feet — usually  all  four  of  them.  They  may  be  within  the  womb,  or  one  or 
more  of  them  engaged  in  the  passage.  In  the  majority  of  cases  either  the 
hind  parts  or  fore  quarters  are  near  the  passage,  a condition  recognized  by 
the  legs  of  that  part  being  further  advanced  than  those  of  the  other.  Th© 


144 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


position  must  now  be  ascertained,  which  can  he  done  readily  if  the  head 
can  be  felt.  But  this,  generally,  is  beyond  reach  and  the  position  can  be 
determined  only  by  a careful  examination  of  the  limbs.  In  this  we  must 
distinguish  between  the  hind  legs  and  fore  legs  as  these  alone  can  show  the 
direction  of  the  head.  To  do  this  the  operator  should  remember  that  the 
hind  leg  flexes  in  the  direction  of  the  wall  of  the  foot,  whereas  the  knee 


BREAST  AND  ABDOMINAL  PRESENTATION. 


flexesin  the  direction  of  the  sole  of  the  foot.  The  hock  can  also  be  recog- 
nized by  its  flatness.  It  must  be  remembered  that,  in  this  presentation  the 
fore  legs  and  hind  legs  are  cross  each  other  when  engaged  in  the  genital 
passage.  The  hind  legs,  crossing  the  fore  legs,  are  pointing  toward  the  an- 
terior part  of  the  body  of  the  foetus ; while  the  fore  legs,  crossing  the  hind 
legs,  point  toward  the  posterior  part  of  the  foetus.  This  is  not  a very  serious 
presentation,  as  a rule.  The  gravity  of  the  case  depends  somewhat  upon  the 
length  of  time  labor  has  continued.  As  it  is  impossible  for  birth  to  occur 
spontaneously  while  the  foetus  is  in  this  position,  if  the  mother  has  not  re- 
ceived the  necessary  aid  for  some  time  after  the  commencement  of  labor, 
her  continued  straining  may  not  only  cause  the  death  of  the  colt  but  the 
mother’s  death  from  prostration.  When  the  legs  have  been  distinguished, 
fasten  ropes  around  the  ones  you  wish  to  extract  first.  Generally  the  opera- 
tor will  find  it  most  advantageous  to  convert  the  position  into  a posterior 
presentation  and  deliver  the  hind  feet  first.  If  only  one  hind  foot  and  one 
fore  foot  are  engaged  in  the  passage,  fasten  a rope  around  the  one  hind  foot 
and  search  for  the  other  one  ; secure  it  and  bring  it  into  the  passage.  Then 
return  the  fore  leg  to  the  womb,  as  far  in  as  possible,  apply  traction  and  de- 
liver. But  if  all  four  legs  are  engaged  in  the  passage,  fasten  ropes  to  the 
hind  feet ; then  return  the  fore  feet  as  far  as  possible  within  the  womb. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


145 


Sometimes  this  is  more  easily  and  more  advantageously  accomplished  by 
flexing  the  fore  legs  at  the  knee  until  the  foot  rests  against  the  elbow  ; then 
force  it  within  the  womb  in  a downward  direction,  while  the  assistant  draws 
upon  the  hind  feet.  The  foetus  will  straighten  out  generally  and  birth  will 
be  completed.  Even  if  the  head  be  engaged  along  with  all  four  legs  in  the 


BREAST  AND  ABDOMINAL  PRESENTATION. 


passage,  I would  recommend  returning  it  to  the  womb  in  a downward  direc- 
tion along  with  the  fore  legs,  and  that  delivery  be  made  with  the  hind  feet 
first.  When  the  foetus  is  partially  deliyered,  say  the  hind  legs,  croup  and 
hips  are  without  or  beyond  the  outlet,  the  operator  should  pass  his  hand  be- 
tween the  belly  of  the  foetus  and  the  floor  of  the  genital  canal,  to  ascertain 
whether  the  fore  legs  have  become  cramped  or  fastened  within  the  inlet  too 
soon.  If  so,  straighten  them  by  pushing  them  inward,  for  if  not  straight- 
ened serious  results  might  follow.  In  delivering  the  foetus  with  a posterior 
presentation — ^^that  is  the  hind  feet  first — the  back  of  the  foetus  should  be 
against  the  back  of  the  mother. 

Twin  Foetus— In  Different  Presentations. 

With  mares  and  cows  it  is  not  an  uncommon  occurrence  for  them  to 
bring  forth  twins,  though  it  is  rarely,  indeed,  that  assistance  is  needed  to 
complete  delivery.  Usually,  when  the  mother  is  carrying  twins,  either  they 
are  expelled  before  the  full  period  of  gestation  is  completed,  or  each  is  much 


146 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


smaller  than  if  she  were  carrying  one  only.  Indeed,  birth  usually  is  much 
easier  with  a twin  pregnancy  than  with  only  one.  When  the  most  advanced 
foetus  is  expelled  a variable  period  elapses  before  the  second  birth.  During 
the  interval  the  mother  generally  is  uneasy  and  pays  little  or  no  attention  to 
the  one  already  born  ; but  manifests  a peculiar  anxiety,  which  is  a good  in- 
dication that  delivery  is  not  complete.  But  when  the  second  foetus  is  born 
the  mother  generally  turns  her  attention  to  her  offspring.  This  is  the  gen- 
eral order  of  twin  births.  But  it  is  not  always  so  fortunate.  In  some  cases, 
after  the  first  one  is  born,  a long  interval  occurs  before  the  birth  of  the  sec- 
ond one,  which  is  usually  fatal  to  its  existence.  This  suspension  of  labor  in 
twin-birth  is  generally  due  to  a mal-position  of  the  foetus.  Difficult  parturi- 
tion from  this  cause  also  happens  when  the  twins  are  about  equally  distant 


TWIN  FCETUS— IN  DIFFERENT  PRESENTATIONS. 

rom  the  mouth  of  the  womb  and  are  presented  at  the  inlet  together.  Of 
course  they  cannot  pass  through  the  canal  together,  hence  the  difficulty. 
Upon  examination  the  operator  will  experience  great  difficulty  in  determin- 
ing the  positions  of  the  two  foetuses.  This  can  be  done  only  by  careful  ex- 
amination, and  then  the  operator  will  find  himself  somewhat  embarrassed. 
For  example,  the  fore  feet  of  one  foetus  may  be  presented  with  the  head  of 
the  other  ; or  the  head  and  one  fore  foot  may  present  with  one  fore  foot  of 
the  other  ; or  one  hind  foot  of  each  foetus  may  present  together  ; or  a fore 
foot  of  one  with  the  hind  foot  of  the  other,  etc.  In  some  instances  the  legs 
of  the  twins  are  so  interlaced  that  they  are  separated  only  with  the  greatest 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


147 


DOUBLE-HEADED  MONSTROSITIES. 

Sometimes  these  monstrosities  are  born  alive  and  live  a considerable  time 
The  one  that  I saw  was  living  at  three  years  of  age,  to  all  appearance 
healthy  and  a good  feeder.  It  was  placed  on  exhibition.  She  only  used  one 


difficulty.  One  thing  is  certain,  only  one  can  be  delivered  at  a time.  There- 
fore they  must  be  separated  and  one  pushed  back  into  the  womb  while  the 
other  is  being  delivered.  When  the  one  is  born,  the  other,  if  in  a wrong 
position,  must  be  straightened  and  removed.  This  is  quite  easily  written, 
but  not  so  easily  performed.  If  assistance  is  not  afforded  before  both  foetuses 
become  wedged  into  the  pelvic  inlet  the  operator  will  experience  great 
trouble  in  adjusting  them.  But  if  distinguished  before  entering  the  inlet, 
but  little  trouble  need  be  anticipated.  Select  the  one  most  favorably  sit- 
uated, fasten  ropes  to  the  head  and  fore  legs  or  to  the  hind  legs,  as  the  case 
may  be,  and  arrange  them  in  a direction  proper  for  delivery.  Then  let  an 
assistant  draw  the  foetus  toward  the  outlet  while  the  operator  pushes  the 
other  back  within  the  womb.  After  delivering  the  first  one,  search  for  the 
other,  which  probably  will  be  in  a mal-position,  requiring  adjustment  before 
it  can  be  born. 

Double-Headed  Monstrosities. 


Very  seldom,  indeed,  do  we  witness  double-headed  monstrosities  with 
mares  or  cows.  In  the  former  I have  neither  seen  nor  read  of  any;  but  in 
the  cow  I have  seen  one  and  read  of  others.  But  they  are  very  rare  indeed. 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


US 

mouth  while  feeding.  The  other  mouth  was  well  formed  and  had  a full  set 
of  teeth,  but  she  had  little  control  of  the  lower  jaw.  Though,  if  the  mouth 
was  opened  with  a little  assistance,  it  would  close  spontaneously.  Both 
heads  were  well  formed,  uniting  at  the  neck,  both  mouths  emptying  into  the 
one  oesophagus. 

The  existence  of  this  mal-formation  renders  birth  more  or  less  difficult 
and  sometimes  impossible,  according  to  the  size  of  the  heads.  But  some- 
times birth  occurs  without  assistance  and  with  little  difficulty.  An  exami- 
nation will  reveal  the  condition,  when  the  operator  will  adopt  the  measure 
necessary  to  complete  the  delivery.  If  the  mother  is  large  and  the  genital 
canal  well  formed,  forcible  traction  may  complete  the  delivery.  But  if,  in 
the  judgment  of  the  operator,  this  will  not  do,  embryotomy  must  be  resorted 
to.  Cutting  off  one  or  both  of  the  heads  may  be  necessary  before  delivery 
can  be  completed.  If  the  heads  are  united  closely,  split  them  with  a chisel 
and  then  remove  them;  or,  in  such  cases,  bone  forceps  may  be  used.  If  it 
be  a double  head  and  neck,  cut  off  the  neck  as  low  down  as  possible  and 
remove  it  first;  then  remove  the  balance.  There  are  several  other  forms  of 
monstrosities,  but  as  they  so  seldom  occur  a description  here  is  quite  un- 
necessary. Suffice  it  to  say  that,  if  it  be  impossible  to  deliver  them  by 
moderate  traction,  amputate  such  parts  as  cause  the  obstruction  and  deliver. 

Hydrocephalus,  or  Water  on  the  Brain. 

This  anomaly  is  found  in  both  colts  and  calves.  The  enormous  size  of 
the  head  is  the  obstacle  to  a natural  delivery.  If  with  an  anterior  presenta- 


HYDROCEPHALUS,  OR  WATER  ON  THE  BRAIN, 
ion  birth  will  be  delayed,  and,  on  making  an  examination,  the  operator 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


149 


will  soon  discover  the  deformity.  But,  if  with  posterior  presentation  the 
operator  discovers  this  deformity,  he  should  endeavor  to  change  the  position 
to  an  anterior  presentation,  and,  after  bringing  the  nose  into  the  inlet,  he 
should  plunge  a knife  through  the  head,  making  a free  incision  to  allow  the 
water  to  escape.  After  which,  on  applying  traction,  the  tissues  gradually 
flatten  down  and  birth  is  completed.  But  if  it  be  presented  hind  feet  first 
and  birth  is  complete  with  the  exception  of  the  head,  which  is  too  large  to 
pass  throught  the  genital  canal  and  prevents  delivery,  the  operator  should 
pass  the  hand  along  the  neck  and  examine  the  head.  If  hydrocephalus  is 
recognized  he  should  open  the  head  with  a knife  or  trocar  and  canula  and 
allow  the  fluid  to  escape,  after  which  the  tissues  will  flatten  down  and  trac- 
tion will  complete  the  delivery. 

Ascites,  or  Abdominal  Dropsy. 

With  this  disease  the  abdomen  of  the  foetus  will  be  swollen  to  such  an 
extent  that  it  cannot  enter  the  genital  passage,  though  the  head  and  fore 
feet  may  be  presented  in  a natural  position  and  well  advanced  in  the  canal. 
On  examination,  if  the  operator  cannot  pass  the  hand  between  the  head  and 
the  walls  of  the  passage  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  the  obstruction,  he  should 
first  secure  the  head  and  fore  feet  with  ropes,  then  force  them  back  into  the 
womb.  After  that  he  will  have  no  difficulty  in  ascertaining  the  trouble  if 
dropsy  is  the  cause.  He  should  then  plunge  a knife  into  the  abdomen  of  the 


ASCITES,  OR  ABDOMINAL  DROPSY. 

foetus,  making  a large  incision  to  allow  the  fluid  to  escape  into  the  womb, 
after  which  delivery  can  be  completed.  But  if  he  cannot  return  the  head  to 
the  womb,  or  does  not  think  best  to  do  so,  he  must  either  plunge  a knife  into 
the  abdomen  of  the  foetus  and  allow  the  fluid  to  escape  into  the  womb,  or  use 
a trocar  and  canula,  plunging  it  into  the  abdomen  and  allowing  the  fluid  to 
escape  externally.  Afterwards  moderate  traction  will  complete  the  delivery 


APPEARANCE  OF  HORSES’  TEETH 

— AT— 

DIFFERENT  AGES: 


TEETH  AT  TWO  YEARS  OLD. 


152 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


TEETH  AT  THREE  YEARS  OLD. 


TEETH  AT  FIVE  YEARS  OLD. 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


153 


TEETH  AT  SIXTEEN  YEARS  OLD. 


154 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


TEETH  AT  TWENTY  YEARS  OLD. 


YEARS  OLD. 


TEETH  AM  TWENTY-FOUR 


TEETH  AT  THIRTY  YEARS  OLD. 


1 • \ ^ 

« . 1 
1 s 1' 

ii. 

1 i 

1 ^ ] 

f * 

f ' ^ J 
( 

f 

Vi/'t 

DRUGS  AND  DOSES. 

FOR 


HORSES  AND  CATTLE. 


NAME  OF  DRUG. 

ACTION  AND  USE. 

DOSE. 

HORSES. 

CATTLE. 

Aoetio  A Old 

Febrifuge  and  Caustic 

1 dram 

2 drams 

Aconite  Tincture 

Sedative,  Diaphoretic 

20  to  40  dps 

30  to  60  dps 

Alcohol 

Stimulant,  Dieuretic,  Nar- 
cotic   

i to  1 oz 

1 to  2 ozs 

Ale 

Stimulant,  Dieuretic,  Nar- 
cotic   

1 to  2 pints 

2 to  4 pinls 

Aloes  Barbadoes 

Purgative 

4 to  8 drams 

6 to  12  dr’m 

Aloes  Cape 

Alum  . . 

Purgative 

Astringent 

5 to  10  drams 
2 to  3 drams 

7 to  14  dr’m 
3 to  4 dr’ms 

Ammonia  Liquid 

Stimulant,  Anti  Spasmodic, 
Dieuretic 

1 to  2 oz 

2 to  4 oz 

Ammonia  Carbonate. 

Stimulant,  Anti  Spasmodic, 
Dieuretic 

2 to  4 drams 

4 to  6 dr’ms 

Aromatic  Ammonia. 

Stimulant,  Anti  Spasmodic, 
Dieuretic 

1 to  2 oz 

2 to  4 oz 

Ammonia  Muriate. . . 

Stimulant,  Discutient,  Al- 
terative, Dieuretic 

2 to  4 drams 

4 to  6 dr’ms 

Ammonia  Acetate  So- 
lution   

Diaphoretic,  Dieuretic, 
Stimulant,  Febrifuge . . 

2 to  3 oz 

3 to  4 oz 

Anise  Seed 

Stomachic  Carminative 

i to  1 oz 

1 to  2 oz 

Antimony  Tartarized 

Sedative,  Diaphoretic 

1 to  2 drams 

2 to  4 dr’ms 

Areca  Nut 

Arnica  Tincture 

Vermifuge 

Stimulant,  Dieuretic 

1 ounce 

1 dram 

1 ounce. 

1 dram 

Arsenic 

Alterative,  Nerve  Tonic. . . 

5 to  10  grains 

5 to  15  grs 

Assafoetida 

Stimulant , Carminative 

Vermifuge 

1 to  3 drams 

2 to  6 drams 

Azedaroch 

Atropia 

Vermifuge 

Anodyne,  Anti  Spasmodic, 
Narcotic 

i to  1 ounce 

i grain 

1 ounce 

i grain 

Belladonna  Extract. 

Anodyne,  Anti  Spasmodic, 
Narcotic 

2 drams 

2 to  3 drams 

Balsam  of  Peru 

Stimulant,  Anti  Spasmodic 
Expectorant  

1 ounce 

ounces 

Benzoin 

Stimulant,  Anti  Spasmodic 
Expectorant 

1 ounce 

li  ounces 

Borax 

Sedative,  Uterine  Stimul’nt 

4 drams 

7 drams 

Bismuth  Subnitrate  . 

Soothes  Irritation  of  Stom- 
ach and  Bowels 

2 drams 

5 drams 

156 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


NAME  OF  DRUG. 


Blackberry  Root .... 

Soneset  

Bromide  of  Potass’m 

Buchu 

Buckthorn  Syrup 

Calomel 

Camphor 

Cantharides 

Cayenne  Pepper 

Caraway  Seeds 

Cardamons 

Carbolic  Acid 


Castor  Oil 

Catechu 

Chamomile 

Chloral  Hydrate 

Chloroform 

Cinchona 

Cinnamon 

Cod  Liver  Oil 

Colchicum 

Columbo 

Copavia 

Copper  Sulphate 

Croton  Oil 

Cream  of  Tartar 

Digitalis 

Dover’s  Powder 

Ergot 

Ether 

Fennel  Seeds 

Pern  Male  Shield  Ext 

Galls  Oak 

Gallic  and  Tannic 

Acid 

Gentian 

Ginger 

Glauber  Salts 

Hyoscymus  Extract. . 

Iodine 

Iodide  of  Potassium. 

Iron  Peroxide 

Iron  Sulphate 

Iron  Tincture  of  Mu- 
riate   


ACTION  AND  USE. 

DOSE. 

HORSES. 

CA  TTLE. 

Astringent 

3 drams 

4 drams 

Stimulant,  Tonic,  Dieuretic 

7 drams 

1 ounce 

Nerve  Sedative 

2 to  4 drams 

4 drams 

Stimulant,  Dieuretic 

4 drams 

7 drams 

Physic  for  dog,  ^ to  1 oz 
Purgative 

1 dram 

i dram 

Anti-Spasmodic 

i dram 

2 to  4 dr’ms 

Stimulant,  Dieuretic 

5 grains 

5 to  10  grs 

Stimulant,  Aromatic 

3 drams 

4 drams 

Stomachic 

1 ounce 

i ounce 

Stomachic 

1 ounce 

i ounce 

Sedative,  Anodyne,  Astrin- 
gent Antiseptic,  Disin- 
fectant   

i dram 

1 dram 

Purgative 

1 pint 

li  pints 

Astringent 

2 to  5 drams 

2 to  8 dr’ms 

Stimulant,  Tonic 

Sedative,  Anti-Spasmodic  . 

1 ounce 

i ounce 

4 drams 

4 drams 

Stimulant 

i dram 

i dram 

Tonic,  Antiperiodic 

i ounce 

1 ounce 

Stomachic 

5 drams 

7 drams 

Tonic 

5 ounces 

7 ounces 

Dieuretic,  Sedative 

i dram 

i dram 

Bitter  Tonic 

5 drams 

1 ounce 

Stimulant,  Dieuretic,  Ex- 
pectorant  

4 drams 

4 drams 

Tonic,  Astringent. 

1 dram 

i dram 

Purgative 

15  to  20  drops 

20  to  30  dps 

Dieuretic 

1 ounce 

i ounce 

Sedative,  Dieuretic 

20  grains 

i dram 

Sedative,  Diaphoretic 

3 drams 

4 drams 

Checks  Bleeding  from  the 

Womb 

1 ounce 

1 ounce 

Stimulant 

1 to  2 ounces 

2 to  3 oz 

Stomachic 

1 ounce 

1 to  2 oz 

Vermifuge 

1 ounce 

Astringent 

4 to  6 drams 

1 to  2 oz 

Astringent 

2 scruples 

2 scruples 

Tonic 

4 drams 

6 drams 

Stimulant,  Stomachic  Tonic 
Purgative 

1 ounce 

2 ounces 

li  pounds 

2 pounds 

Sedative,  Anti-Spasmodic. . 
Alterative 

2 drams 

4 drams 

15  drams 

25  grains 

Alterative,  Dieuretic 

1 dram 

2 drams 

Tonic 

2 drams 

4 drams 

Tonic 

3 drams 

3 drams 

Tonic,  Astringent 

7 drams 

1 ounce 

MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


157 


NAME  OF  DRUG. 

ACTION  AND  USE. 

1 

DOSE. 

HORSES. 

CATTLE. 

Kino 

Astrinp’ent 

. i ounce 

1 ounce 

Laudanum 

Nareotie,  Sedative,  A no- 

dyne,  Anti-Spasmodic. 

1 to  2 oz 

1 to  2 oz 

Lime  Water 

Lime  Chloride 

Antacid,  Astringent 

Relieves  Bloating,  Disin- 

4 to  5 oz 

4 to  8 oz 

fectant 

2 drams 

3 drams 

Linseed  Oil 

Lobelia 

Laxative 

Sedative,  Anti-Spasmodic, 
Expectorant 

1 to  2 pints 

2 drams 

1 to  2 quarts 

3 drams 

Magnesia 

Antacid,  Antidote  for  Ar- 
senic   

1 to  2 oz 

2 to  4 oz 

Magnesia  Sulphate— 

Epsom  Salts 

Muriatic  Acid 

Laxative,  Physic 

Tonic,  Astringent,  Caustic 

1 1 ound 
: 1 dram 

1 to  2 lbs 

2 drams 

Myrrh 

Stimulant,  Tonic 

3 drams 

6 drams 

Morphia  Muriate .... 

Narcotic,  Sedative,  Anti- 
Spasmodic,  Anodyne  . . 

5 to  10  grs 

10  to  15  grs 

Nitric  Acid 

Tonic,  Astringent,  Caustic. 

1 dram 

2 drams 

Nux  Vomica 

Nerve  Stimulant,  Tonic  . . . 

^ to  1 dram 

1 dram 

Oak  Bark 

Olive  Oil 

Astringent 

Laxative 

1 ounce 

1 to  2 pints 

^ to  2 drams 

4 ounces 

2 to  3 pints 

2 to  4 drams 

Opium 

Narcotic,  Sedative,  Anti- 
Spasmodic,  Anodyne. . . 

Peppermirit  Oil 

Stomachic,  Anti-Spasmodic 

20  drops 

20  to  30  dps 

Pepper,  White  and 
Black 

Stomachic,  Stimulant. . 

2 drams 

3 drams 

Podophyllin 

Purgative,  Sedative 

1 to  2 drams 

2 to  3 drams 

Pomegranate  Root 

Bark 

Vermifuge,  Expels  Worms 

1 ounce 

1 to  2 oz 

Potassa  Acetate 

Antacid,  Dieuretic,  Diapho- 

retic   

7 drams 

I ounce 

Potassa  Nitrate 

Dieuretic,  Pebrifuo’e 

6 to  8 drams 

1 ounce 

Potassa  Chlorate 

Stimulant,  Dieuretic , Re- 
frigerant, Antiseptic. . . 

2 drams 

2 drams 

Potassa  Bromide 

Nerve  Sedative 

4 drams 

4 drams 

Prussic  Acid 

Sedative,  Anti-Spasmodic.. 

i dram 

i dram 

Pumpkin  Seeds 

Quinine  Sulph 

Rhubarb 

Vermifuge,  Tsenifuge,  Dog, 

i ounce 

Bitter  Tonic 

Laxative,  Tonic. ...  

30  grains 

1 ounce 

30  grains 

2 ounces 

Resin 

Dieuretic 

4 to  6 drams 

to  1 oz 

1 to  8 drams 

Soda  Bicarbonate. . . . 

Antacid,  Dieuretic 

4 to  6 drams  ' 

Santonin 

Vermifuge 

1 to  3 drams 

Squills 

Silver  Nitrate 

Dieuretic,  Expectorant. . . . ; 
Nerve  Tonic . . . ; 

^ dram  i 

5 grains  • 

1 to  1 dram 
) to  8 grs 

I to  2 oz 

Spigelia 

Yermifuge ^ 

1 to  1 oz  j 

Strychnia ; 

Sulphur i 

Nerve  Tonic. ^ 

Expectorant,  Diaphoretic. . • 

L to  2 grains  ^ 
1 to  4 oz  t 

i to  3 grs 
) to  6 oz 

Sweet  Spirits  Nitre. . ^ 

Stimulant,  Anti-Spasmodic 
Dieuretic,  Diaphoretic.  J 

L to  2 oz  c 

1 to  4 oz 

158 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


NAME  OF  DRUG. 

ACTION  AND  USE. 

DOSE*. 

HORSES. 

CATTLE. 

Stramonium 

Narcotic,  Sedative 

20  to  30  grs 

I dram 

1 to  i dram 

2 to  4 drams 

Sulphuric  Acid 

Tonic,  Refrigerant,  Caustic 

Tobacco 

Sedative,  Anti  - Spasmodic, 
Vermifuge 

4 drams 

4 to  6 drams 

Tar 

Expectorant,  Antiseptic . . . 

i to  I oz 

1 to  2 oz 

Turpentine  Oil  

Stimulant,  Anti-Spasmodic 
Dieurotic 

1 to  2 oz 

1 to  2 oz 

Valerian 

Stimulant,  Anti-Spasmodic 
Vermifuge 

2 ounces 

2 to  4 oz 

Veratrum 

Sedative 

1 scruple 

1 ounce 

i to  1 dram 

1 to  li  oz 

Wild  Cherry  Bark  . . 

Expectorant 

Whisky,  Brandy,  Gin 

Stimulant,  Dieuretic,  Nar- 
cotic  

3 to  6 oz 

6 to  12  oz 

Zinc  Carbonate 

Astringent,  Tonic* 

2 drams 

2 to  4 drams 

Zinc  Sulphate ‘ 

Astringent,  Tonic 

1 to  2 drams 

2 to  3 drams 

INDEX. 


HORSES. 

Azoturia 12 

Back,  Sprain  of 62 

Bone  Spavin 49 

j Bots 21 

Bronchitis 13 

Broken  Knees 57 

Bruised  Knees 57 

Burns 33 

Carpitis 58 

Canker 38 

Castration 36 

Chapped  Hock t 43 

Corns 38 

Colds  in  the  head 13 

Congestion  of  the  Skin 29 

Coffin- Joint  Lameness 41 

Cramps 7 

Crib  Biters 35 

Curb 42 

Diarrhoea 20 

Distemper 5 

Dysentery 20 

Elbow  Lameness 58 

Enteritis 18 

Epistaxis 13 

Epizootic 5 

Epilepsy 25 

Erysipelas 32 

Eye,  Inflammation  of 24 

Farcy 11 

Fetlock- Joint,  Sprain  of 55 

Feet,  Inflammation  of 33 

Fits,  Falling 25 

Fistulous  Withers 36 


160 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Flatulent  Colic 10 

Founder 33 

Glanders 11 

Grass  Staggers 27 

Grease  Heel 29 

Heaves 17 

Hock,  Chapped 43 

Inflammation  of  the  Bowels. 18 

“ Eye 24 

“ “ Joints.  64 

“ “ Kidneys 23 

“ “ Knees 58 

‘‘  “ Lungs 14 

“ “ Testicles 24 

Influenza 6 

Intestinal  Worms 22 

Irregularities  of  the  Teeth 46 

Joint  Open 64 

Kidneys,  Inflammation  of 23 

Knees,  Broken  and  Bruised. 57 

Knees,  Inflammation  of 58 

Lampas 18 

Laminitis 33 

Laryngo  Pharyngitis 14 

Lice 32 

Lock-Jaw 26 

Lung^  Inflammation  of 14 

Lymphangitis ^ . 17 

Lymphatics,  Inflammation  of 17 

Mammitis 24 

Mammary  Glands,  Inflammation  of , . . . 24 

Mange 31 

N asal  Catarrh 13 

Nasal  Gleet 48 

Nephritis 23 

Nails,  Pricks  from 39 

Navacular  Disease 41 

Ophthalmia,  Simple 24 

Open  Joint 64 

Ozoena ^ 48 

Paralysis,  Partial 12 

Patella,  Dislocation  of 52 

Parrot  Mouth 46 

Pleurisy 16 

Pneumonia 14 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY.  161 

Pool  Evil 35 

Pricks  from  Nails 39 

Quarter-Cracks 40 

Quittor 40 

Retention  of  Urine 23 

Rheumatism 61 

Ring  Bone 55 

Roaring  Chronic 12 

Sand  Cracks 40 

Scratches 29 

Scalds 33 

Seedy  Toe 37 

Shoulder  Slip • 59 

Shoulder  Lamness 60 

Side  Bones 44 

Skin,  Congestion  of 29 

Sore  Throat 14 

Spavin  Bog 51 

Spasmodic  Colic 7 

Sprain  of  the  Suspensory  Ligament 55 

Sprain  of  the  Flexor  Tendon 56 

Sprained  Back 62 

Strangles 5 

Stifle-Joint  Lameness 52 

Strain  of  the  Fetlock  Joint 55 

String-Halt 63 

Stump-Suckers 35 

Stomach  Staggers 27 

Sun  Stroke 28 

Sweeney 59 

Swelled  Gums 18 

Teeth,  Irregularities  of 46 

Teeth,  Caries  of 47 

Tetanus 26 

Thoroughpin 44 

Thrush 38 

Wind-Suckers 35 

Wolf  Teeth 47 

Worms,  Intestinal 35 

Wounds,  Contused 45 

Wounds  Incized 45 

CATTLE. 

Catarrh  or  Cold 77 

Chronic  indigestion 80 


162 


EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 


Choking 

Colic 

Conjunctivitis 

Diarrhoea 

Dysentery,  Acute 

Enteritis 

Epizootic  Aphtha 

Eye,  Inflammation  of 

Fardel  Bound 

Foot  and  Mouth  Disease 

Fits  from  Eating  Buckeyes . . . . 

Grubs  under  the  Skin 

Gut-Tie 

Hsematurea 

Hepatitis 

Hide-Bound 

Hoven 

Impaction  of  the  Rumen 

Intestines,  Strangulation 

Inversion  of  the  Bladder 

Inversion  of  the  Vagina 

Indigestion,  Chronic 

Kidneys,  Inflammation  of 

Lice 

Liver,  Inflammation  of 

Lungs,  Inflammation  of 

Mamitis 

Omassium,  Impaction  of 

Patella,  Dislocation  of 

Parturient  Apoplexy 

Pneumonia 

Phrenitis 

Pleurisy 

Reticulum,  Affections  of 

Rumen,  Impaction  of 

Sore  Teats 

Splenic  Apoplexy 

Second  Stomach,  Affections  of 
Stifle-Joint,  Dislocation  of. . . • 

Teats,  Sore 

Tympanitis 

Udder,  Inflammation  of 

Urine,  Bloody 

Ulcerous  Cancers 

Vagina,  Inve'a'on  of 

Warbles 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 


163 


OBSTETRICS. 

)irth,  Retention  of 110 

ior  Retention 119 

!S 149 

Lng  from  the  Naval 115 

fc  and  Abdominal  Presentation 143 

pation  Shortly  after  Birth 117 

tion  of  the  Head  Upward  and  Backward 130 

tion  of  the  Hind  Legs  into  the  Genital  Canal,  the  Anterior  Part  of 

Body  Presenting 132 

ward  Deviation  of  the  Head 125 

e-Headed  Monstrosities 147 

y,  Abdominal 149 

ing 109 

Limb  Crossed  over  the  Neck 120 

Limbs  Flexed  at  the  Knees  121 

Limbs  Completely  Retained 123 

la  of  the  Uterus  or  Womb Ill 

Leg  Deviation,  Anterior  Presentation 131 

^ Presentation 135 

Spra  ^cephalus  148 

Stra^  me  of  Pregnant  Animals 104 

nmation  of  the  Womb  and  Peritoneum 114 

sion  of  the  Womb 106 

c Pains— Premature 107 

•al  Deviation  of  the  Head  to  the  Right  or  Left 127 

g Foetuses  in  Different  Presentations 145 

0 Peritonitis ' 114 

1,  Bleeding  from 115 

Urine  Passing  from 115 

na  in  Pregnancy 105 

5 after  Birth 107 

irition  and  Pregnancy 105 

leum,  Rupture  of 113 

istence  of  the  Urschus 116 

A dons  and  Presentations  of  the  Foetuses 118 

^ 3rior  Presentations 133 

y Labor  Pains 107 

Portum  Haemorrhages. 109 

nant  Animals,  Care  of 104 

nancy,  Dropsical  Swellings  in 105 

lature  Labor  Pains 107 

C entations  and  Positions  of  the  Foetuses 118 

C ntion  of  the  Meconium 117 


164  EQUINE  AND  BOVINE 

Retention  of  the  Placenta *. 110 

Rupture  of  the  Navel 116 

Rupture  of  the  Perineum 11^ 

Shoulder  and  Loin  Presentation ; . . . . 141 

Teeth 151 

Thigh  and  Croup  Presentation 138 

Transverse  Presentation 140 

Umbilical  Hernia 116 

“ Haemorrhage 115 

Urine  Passing  from  the  Navel 115 

Uterus  or  Womb.  Hernia  of Ill 

Water  on  the  Brain. 148 

Womb,  Inversion  of 105 

Womb  and  Peritoneum,  Inflammation  of 114 


FORT  WAYNE,  INDIANA. 


. IMPORTERS  AND  BREEDERS  OF  . . . 


CLYDESDALE  STALLIONS! 


ID 

GALLOWAY  CATTLE! 

Have  always  on  hand  a good  supply  of  the  above  breeds,  of  the  fines- 
quality  that  can  be  imported  from  Scotland  and  England.  We  have 
a resident  buyer  there  who  knows  the  best  strains  of  blood  and  takes 
advantage  of  the  market.  This  enables  us  to  sell  the  best  bred  stock  at 
prices  that  beat  all  competition.  Terms  as  good  as  can  be  had  in  America. 
Address 


BROOKSIDE  FARM  CO.,  PORT  WAYNE,  IND. 


PACKARD  GRAND  ORGAN 


This  Grand  Instrument  is  constructed  on  an  entirely  new  principle,  the 
discovery  of  which  enables  us  to  gain  power  which  has  never  before  been 
obtained  from  reeds;  also  a pipe  quality  of  tone  remarkable  in  its  distinct- 
ness. The  variety  of  com bina  ions  is  equal  to  that  of  larger  pipe-organs. 
In  the  construction  of  this  organ  simplicity  was  our  aim,  and  we  have 
succeeded  in  producing  an  instrument  that  is  simple,  easy  working  and  most 
durable.  Practically,  nothing  to  get  out  of  order.  With  all  these  qualities 
It  is  most  admirably  adapted  to  Churches,  Chapels,  Lodge  Rooms,  as  well 
as  Parlors.  For  further  information,  write  to  the 


FORI'  WAYNE  ORGAN  CO., 


FORT  WAYNE,  IND.,  U.  S.  A. 


Prairie  View  Farm  Company. 

HIGH-BRED  TROTTNG  HORSES. 


“STRATHMORE” 

Sire  of  Forty-two  2 :^o-PerJormers. 

Sire  of  the  Dams  of  Twenty-six ,2:^0  Performers, 

2ERYIDE  FEE,  TD  INZURE  - - - |250.00 


WE  have  at  all  times  a large  supply  of  YOUNG 
STOCK  on  the  Farm,  out  of  Well-Bred  and  Pro- 
ducing Dams,  that  we  will  sell  worth  the  money.  Breed- 
ing and  Individuality  Considered. 


^ SHROPSHIRE  % SHEEP  K- 


....  FOR  INFORMATION  APPLY  TO  ...  . 

B.  BABB, 


FORT  WAYNE,  INDIANA. 


C.  R.  JENNE 


Stump  before  a blast  I Fragments  after  a blaa*^ 


flepcdles  Stiimp  Blasting  PouJder  Works, 

iimdia-inca. 


WHEREVER  THE 
ROCKER  WASHER 

is  used  the 'Washboard 
becomes  aa  Relic  of 
Barbarism.  It  is  war- 
ranted to  do  the  washing 
of  an  ordinary  family  in 
one  hour  as  clean  as  can 
be  washed  by  hand.  Write 
for  full  description  ind 
prices.  Rocker  "Wash- 
er Co.,  Fort  Wayne,  Ind. 

Agents  wanted. 


THB  BINCOBN  TEA. 


FAMILY  REMEDIES. 

THE  BEST  TEA  IN  THE  WORLD. 

WORTH  ITS  W BIGHT  IN  GOTO, 

LINCOLN  TEA  is  the  best  Bowel  Remedy  in  the 
"World,  and  cannot  be  excelled.  Gruaranteed  to  cure  Constipa- 
tion, stimulates  the  Liver  and  Kidneys,  keeps  the  system  in  a 
healthy  condition.  Harmless  but  effective.  Unequalled  for 
Dyspepsia.  As  a Complexion  Purifier  it  has  no  equal.  Send 
FOR  A free  sample. 

Put  up  in  packages,  $1.00,  50c.  and  25c.  sizes.  Sent  on 
receipt  of  price,  prepaid.  If  your  druggist  cannot  supply  you, 
we  vidll. 


McCLURE  DRUG  COMPANY,  Props. 

FORT  WAYNE,  INDI 


\y 


